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higher biology > 2.7 > Flashcards

2.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are cardiovascular disease

A

diseases of the heart and it’s associated blood vessels

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2
Q

what are the main types of cvd

A
  • coronary heart disease
  • heart attacks
  • angina
  • stroke
  • peripheral artery disease
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3
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

a build up of fatty substances in the coronary artery

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4
Q

what is a heart attack

A

when supply of blood to the heart is blocked

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5
Q

what is angina

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heary

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6
Q

what is a stroke

A

when supply of blood to part of the brain is blocked

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7
Q

what is peripheral vascular disorder

A

blocked blood vessels not associated with the heart or brain

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8
Q

what is the root cause of cvd’s

A

atherosclerosis

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9
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

the accumulation of fatty material which forms an a thermos or plaque beneath the endothelium of an artery

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10
Q

what is the fatty material in atherosclerosis made of

A
  • cholesterol
  • fibrous material
  • calcium
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11
Q

what are the problems caused by atheromas growing

A
  • the artery thickens and loses its elasticity
  • the diameter of the lumen becomes reduced and blood flow is restricted resulting in increased blood pressure
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12
Q

what is thrombosis

A

the formation of a clot

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13
Q

what are the stages of thrombosis

A
  1. atheromas may rupture and damage the endothelium
  2. hothead damage caused the release of clotting factors that cause a cascade of reactions which results in the conversion of enzyme prothrombin to its active form thrombin
  3. thrombin causes molecules of the plasma protein fibrinogen to from threads of fibrin
  4. the fibrin threads form a mesh work that clots the blood, seals the wound and provided scaffold for the formation of scar tissue
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14
Q

what happens when a thrombus breaks loose

A

it forms an embolus which travels through the bloodstream until it blocks a blood vessel

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15
Q

how does an embolus lead to the death of tissue

A

it blocks the blood vessel which means it becomes deprived of oxygen

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16
Q

what might a thrombosis in a coronary artery lead to

A

a myocardial infraction (commonly known as heart attack)

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17
Q

what might a thrombosis in the brain lead to

A

a stroke

18
Q

what are the peripheral arteries

A

arteries other than those of the heart and brain

19
Q

what is peripheral vascular disease

A

narrowing of peripheral arteries due to atherosclerosis

20
Q

which arteries are most commonly affected by peripheral artery disease

A

arteries in the legs

21
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

a blood clot that forms in a deep vein (most commonly legs due to lack of movement)

22
Q

what are symptoms of dvt and why do they occur

A

pain and swelling occur due to lack of oxygen

23
Q

what is it called when an embolus blocks the pulmonary artery in the lungs

A

pulmonary embolism

24
Q

what are symptoms of a pulmonary embolism

A

chest pain, breathing difficulties and palpitations

25
Q

what is cholesterol

A

a type of lipid found in the cell membrane

26
Q

what is cholesterol used for

A

to make the sex hormones - testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone

27
Q

what cells synthesise cholesterol

A

all cellsn

28
Q

where does 25% of cholesterol production take place

A

liver

29
Q

what causes an increase in the cholesterol levels in the blood

A

a diet high in saturated fats or cholesterol

30
Q

what are lipoproteins

A

molecules containing lipid and protein

31
Q

where are lipoproteins present

A

in blood plasma

32
Q

what is the role of lipoproteins

A

to transport lipids from one part of the body to another

33
Q

what are the two types of lipoproteins

A
  • high-density lipoproteins (hdl)
  • low-density lipoproteins (ldl)
34
Q

what do high density lipoproteins do

A

they transport excess cholesterol from the body cells to the liver for elimination, preventing the accumulation of cholesterol in blood

35
Q

why don’t high density lipoproteins contribute to atherosclerosis

A

because hdl-cholesterol is not taken into artery walls

36
Q

what do low density lipoproteins do

A

they transport cholesterol to body cells

37
Q

what do ldl receptors on the cell membrane do

A

they take ldl-cholesterol into the cell where it releases it’s cholesterol or use by the cell

38
Q

how does negative feedback control of ldl receptors work

A

once a cell has sufficient cholesterol, a neg feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new ldl receptors and ldl-cholesterol circulates in the blood where it may deposit cholesterol in the arteries forming atheromas

39
Q

what does a higher ratio of hdl to ldl result in

A

lower blood cholesterol and a reduced change of atherosclerosis (and cvd)

40
Q

how does regular physical activity reduce cholesterol levels

A

it tends to raise hdl levels

41
Q

how do dietary changes lower cholesterol levels

A

they aim to reduce the levels of total fat in the diet and to replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat

42
Q

how do statins reduce cholesterol levels

A

by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

higher biology (24 decks)

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