2.8 Flashcards
what will someone suffering from untreated diabetes have
chronic elevation of blood glucose levels
what does chronic elevation of blood glucose levels lead to
the endothelium cells lining blood vessels taking in more glucose than normal which damages blood vessels
what does the damaging of small blood vessels by elevated glucose levels lead to
haemorrhage of blood vessels in the retina, renal failure or peripheral nerve dysfunction
how is blood glucose concentration maintained within tolerable limits
by negative feedback control involving the hormones insulin, glucagon and adrenaline
what is homeostasis
the maintenance of steady conditions within the bidy
what happens when blood glucose levels are raised
the pancreas increases the secretion of insulin which activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
what happens when blood glucose levels are low
the pancreas releases glucagon which activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose
does adrenaline increase blood glucose levels
yes
when does adrenaline raise blood glucose levels
during exercise and fight or flight
where is adrenaline released from
the adrenal glands
what is diabetes
a condition characterised by a failure to lower blood glucose levels
what are the two types of diabetes and explain them
type 1 - insulin-producing cells in pancreas can’t produce insulin
type 2 - pancreas can produce insulin but liver cells are less sensitive to it due to a decreased number of insulin receptors
compare type 1 and type 2
% of population
type 1 - 5-10%
type 2 - 90-95%
compare type 1 and type 2
stage of onset
type 1 - usually in childhood
type 2 - typically later in life
compare type 1 and type 2
body mass
type 1 - normal
type 2 - risk increased by being overweight
compare type 1 and type 2
does pancreas secrete insulin
type 1 - no
type 2 - yes
compare type 1 and type 2
liver cells insulin receptors
type 1 - sensitive to insulin
type 2 - less sensitive to insulin due to decreased number
compare type 1 and type 2
treatment
type 1 - insulin injections (or careful diet)
type 2 - exercise, weight loss, diet control
what are indicators of diabetes
- rapid blood glucose increase after a meal
- glucose in urine due to kidney trying to remove glucose
- thirst due to loss of water
what is used to diagnose diabetes
the glucose tolerance test
how does the glucose tolerance test work
- blood glucose conc of individual measured after fasting
- individual then drinks glucose solution and changes in blood glucose measure for at least next 2 hours
- a diabetics blood glucose conc will increase to a much higher level than that if a non-diabetic and will take longer to return to it’s starting conc
what is obesity a risk factor of
cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
what characterises obesity
excess body fat in released to lean body tissue (eg muscle)
how is obesity measured
bmi
