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higher biology > 2.8 > Flashcards

2.8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what will someone suffering from untreated diabetes have

A

chronic elevation of blood glucose levels

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2
Q

what does chronic elevation of blood glucose levels lead to

A

the endothelium cells lining blood vessels taking in more glucose than normal which damages blood vessels

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3
Q

what does the damaging of small blood vessels by elevated glucose levels lead to

A

haemorrhage of blood vessels in the retina, renal failure or peripheral nerve dysfunction

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4
Q

how is blood glucose concentration maintained within tolerable limits

A

by negative feedback control involving the hormones insulin, glucagon and adrenaline

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5
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of steady conditions within the bidy

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6
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels are raised

A

the pancreas increases the secretion of insulin which activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver

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7
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels are low

A

the pancreas releases glucagon which activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose

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8
Q

does adrenaline increase blood glucose levels

A

yes

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9
Q

when does adrenaline raise blood glucose levels

A

during exercise and fight or flight

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10
Q

where is adrenaline released from

A

the adrenal glands

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11
Q

what is diabetes

A

a condition characterised by a failure to lower blood glucose levels

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12
Q

what are the two types of diabetes and explain them

A

type 1 - insulin-producing cells in pancreas can’t produce insulin

type 2 - pancreas can produce insulin but liver cells are less sensitive to it due to a decreased number of insulin receptors

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13
Q

compare type 1 and type 2
% of population

A

type 1 - 5-10%

type 2 - 90-95%

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14
Q

compare type 1 and type 2
stage of onset

A

type 1 - usually in childhood

type 2 - typically later in life

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15
Q

compare type 1 and type 2
body mass

A

type 1 - normal

type 2 - risk increased by being overweight

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16
Q

compare type 1 and type 2
does pancreas secrete insulin

A

type 1 - no
type 2 - yes

17
Q

compare type 1 and type 2
liver cells insulin receptors

A

type 1 - sensitive to insulin

type 2 - less sensitive to insulin due to decreased number

18
Q

compare type 1 and type 2
treatment

A

type 1 - insulin injections (or careful diet)

type 2 - exercise, weight loss, diet control

19
Q

what are indicators of diabetes

A
  • rapid blood glucose increase after a meal
  • glucose in urine due to kidney trying to remove glucose
  • thirst due to loss of water
20
Q

what is used to diagnose diabetes

A

the glucose tolerance test

21
Q

how does the glucose tolerance test work

A
  • blood glucose conc of individual measured after fasting
  • individual then drinks glucose solution and changes in blood glucose measure for at least next 2 hours
  • a diabetics blood glucose conc will increase to a much higher level than that if a non-diabetic and will take longer to return to it’s starting conc
22
Q

what is obesity a risk factor of

A

cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

23
Q

what characterises obesity

A

excess body fat in released to lean body tissue (eg muscle)

24
Q

how is obesity measured

A

bmi

25
Q

what is the bmi formula

A

body mass / height squared

26
Q

what does a bmi range of under 18.5 indicate

A

underweight

27
Q

what does a bmi range of 18.5-24.9 indicate

A

normal weight

28
Q

what does a bmi range of 25-30 indicate

A

overweight

29
Q

what does a bmi range of over 30 indicate

A

obese

30
Q

what are the causes of obesity

A
  • high fat diet
  • decrease in physical activity
31
Q

how can you prevent obesity

A
  • energy intake in the diet should limit the consumption of fats and free sugars as fats have a high calorific value per gram and free sugars require no metabolic energy to be expended in their digestion
  • exercise increases energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue
32
Q

how can energy increase help reduce risk factor or cvd

A

by
- keeping weight under control
- minimising stress
- reducing hypertension
- improving blood lipid profiles (higher rate of hdl to ldl)

higher biology (24 decks)

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