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higher biology > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does gene expression involve

A

the transcription and translation of dna

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2
Q

what is the first step of protein synthesis

A

transcription

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3
Q

what is transcription

A

when the gene on the dna strand that codes for the protein is copied into a molecule of mRNA

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4
Q

where does translation take place

A

at the ribosome

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5
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A
  • a ribose sugar
  • a phosphate group
  • a base (A, U, G or C)
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6
Q

what types of RNA are involved in transcription and translation

A
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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7
Q

what does mRNA do

A

carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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8
Q

what is each triplet of based called

A

a codon

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9
Q

what does a codon do

A

it codes for a specific amino acid

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10
Q

where is tRNA found

A

in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

what is tRNA made of

A

single strand of RNA nucleotides

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12
Q

what forms between the bases

A

weak hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

what are the complimentary base pairs
(RNA)

A

uracil-adenine
guanine-cytosine

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14
Q


what does a tRNA molecule fold to expose

A

a triplet of bases called an anticodon

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15
Q

what does a trna molecule do

A

it carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome during translation

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16
Q

why does trna fold

A

due to complimentary base pairing of a-u, g-c

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17
Q

where is the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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18
Q

what is another name for protein synthesis

A

translation

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19
Q

what are ribosome made up of

A

ribosomal rna (rrna) and proteins

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20
Q

what is the ribosomes function

A

to bring trna molecules with amino acids into contact with mrna molecules during translation

21
Q

what is transcription

A

the synthesis of a mrna molecule from a section of dna by rna polymerase

22
Q

what are the steps of transcription

A

rna polymerase moves alone the dna, unwinds the strands and breaks the hydrogen bond

then it synthesises the primary mrna transcript using rna nucleotides by complimentary base pairing
(a-u, g-c)

23
Q

what comes first transcription or translation

A

transcription

24
Q

what does rna splicing do

A

it forms the mature mrna transcript

25
Q

what is the process of rna splicing

A

the introns of the primary transcript are removed and the exons are joined together to form the mature mrna transcript

26
Q

is the order of exons changed during splicing

A

no

27
Q

what is translation

A

the translation of mrna into a polypeptide (protein)

28
Q

where does translation take place

A

at a ribosome

29
Q

where does translation begin and end in the ribosome

A

it starts at a start codon and ends at a stop codon

30
Q

what are the steps of translation

A

trna anticodons bond to mrna codons by complimentary base pairing

this translates the mrna genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

each trna leaves the ribosome as the polypeptide is formed and free to pick up another ribosome

31
Q

how are amino acids held together

A

by peptide bonds

32
Q

what does alternative rna splicing result in

A

different proteins being expressed

33
Q

what does alternative rna splicing produce

A

it produces different mature mrna transcripts from the same primary transcript depending on which introns and exons are retained or removed

34
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

chains of amino acids

35
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

36
Q

what causes the length of a protein

A

the amount of amino acids in a chain

37
Q

how are amino acids linked

A

peptide bonds

38
Q

what do linked amino acids form

A

polypeptide chain

39
Q

what do polypeptides fold to form

A

the 3d shape of a protein

40
Q

how are proteins held together

A

by hydrogen bonds and other interactions between individual amino acids

41
Q

what does the shape of a protein determine

A

it’s function

42
Q

what is gel electrophoresis

A

the technique used to separate negatively charged protein molecules

43
Q

how does electrophoresis work

A

the proteins are subjected to an electrical current which forces proteins to move through a sheet of gel
the smaller proteins move faster and further along the gel than the larger proteins

44
Q

what determines a cells phenotypes

A

the sequence of bases in its dna

45
Q

what does the sequence of bases determine

A

the order of proteins produced

46
Q

what is an other factors that influence phenotypes

A

environmental factors

47
Q

what are the steps of translation

A

trna anticodons bond to mrna codons by complimentary base pairing

this translates the mrna genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

each trna leaves the ribosome as the polypeptide is formed and free to pick up another ribosome

48
Q

how does electrophoresis work

A

the proteins are subiected to an electrical current which forces proteins to move through a sheet of gel the smaller proteins move faster and further along the gel than the larger proteins

higher biology (24 decks)

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