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higher biology > 2.3 > Flashcards

2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is fertility

A

when a male is capable or fathering a child or a female is capable of conceiving and becoming pregnant

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2
Q

how can you identify the fertile period in women

A
  • a rise in body temp by around 0.5°c after ovulation
  • the cervical mucus becoming thin and watery
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3
Q

what are some causes of infertility

A
  • age
  • genetics
  • disease
  • anorexia
  • obesity
  • drug misuse
  • smoking
  • stress
  • poor diet
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4
Q

what can the causes of infertility result in

A
  • failure to ovulate
  • blockage of oviducts
  • failure of implantation
  • low sperm count
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5
Q

what are the infertility treatments

A
  • ovulation-stimulatory drugs
  • artificial insemination
  • in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
  • intracytoplasm sperm injection (ICSI)
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6
Q

when would ovulation stimulators drugs be used

A

when there is a failure to ovulate

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7
Q

what do ovulation stimulators drugs do

A

• one type of drug prevents the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion meaning more FSH is released which stimulates follicular development
• other types mimic action of FSH & LH

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8
Q

what are the risks of ovulation stimulatory drugs

A

can cause super ovulation which can result in multiple births

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9
Q

what can ovulation stimulators drugs be used for in other fertility treatments

A

to collect ova for ivf

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10
Q

how does artificial insemination work

A

several samples of semen are collection over time and inserted into the female reproduction system when she is fertile

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11
Q

when would artificial insemination be used

A

when the male has a low sperm count, or if he is sterile a donor may be used to provide sperm

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12
Q

when would ivf be used

A

to treat blockage of oviducts

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13
Q

what are the stages of ivf

A
  1. surgical removal of eggs from ovaries after hormone stimulation
  2. eggs are mixed with sperm in a culture dish
  3. the fertilised eggs are incubated until they have formed at least 8 cells
  4. the suitable embryos are then transferred into the uterus for implantation
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14
Q

when would icsi be used

A

if mature sperm are defective or very low in numbers

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15
Q

how does icsi work

A

the head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and is injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation

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16
Q

what is pgd

A

the process used to identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

17
Q

what are the stages of pgd

A
  1. during ivf and icsi, cells are removed from the embryos to identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities
  2. only the suitable embryos are transferred for implantation
18
Q

what is contraception

A

the intentional prevention of pregnancy by natural or artificial methods

19
Q

what does contraception do

A

prevent fertilisation or implantation

20
Q

what are the physical methods of contraception

A
  • avoiding fertile periods (natural)
  • barrier methods
  • iud
  • sterilisation
21
Q

how does avoiding fertile periods (natural contraception) work

A

avoiding having sex during fertile periods

22
Q

how do barrier methods work

A

condoms, diaphragms and cervical caps prevent the sperm entering the uterus and reaching an ovum

23
Q

what is iud (the coil) and how does it work

A

it’s a small structure that’s often t-shaped with metallic copper parts
- it work by being fitted into the uterus to prevent implantation of an embryo in the endometrium

24
Q

how does sterilisation work & is it reversible

A

usually irreversible
• vasectomy (male) - cutting and closing of sperm times
• tubal ligation (female) - cutting or closing each oviduct

25
Q

what are the chem methods of contraception

A
  • the pill
  • the progesterone only (mini) pill
  • the morning after pill
26
Q

what is in the pill and what do they do

A

a combination of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone which mimics negative feedback effect prevent the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

27
Q

how does the progesterone only (mini) pill work

A

it causes the thickening of cervical mucus

28
Q

what does the morning after pill do

A

prevents ovulation or implantation

higher biology (24 decks)

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