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Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II > The Ear > Flashcards

The Ear Flashcards

0
Q

Sound frequency

A

Measured in Hz

Cycles/sec

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1
Q

What is sound?

A

Audible variations in air pressure

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2
Q

Sound range

A

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

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3
Q

What is infrasound?

A

Low frequency sound that can be felt but not heard by humans

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4
Q

Where is the organ of Corti located?

A

In the cochlea of the inner ear

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5
Q

What is the auricle and what does it do?

A

Outer ear cartilage

Collects sound waves

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6
Q

What is the external auditory meatus and what does it do?

A

Ear canal

Receives vibrations of sound waves and directs them towards tympanic membrane

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7
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplifies and concentrates sound waves

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8
Q

What is the tympanic reflex?

A

Protective mechanism
Requires loud and repetitive sound
Muscle tenses to keep ossicle from pushing stapes to oval window

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9
Q

What is the tympanic cavity?

A

An air-filled space behind the eardrum that separates outer and inner ear

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10
Q

What part of the ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

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11
Q

What part of the ossicle connects the malleus to the stapes?

A

Incus

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12
Q

What is the smallest bone in the body?

A

Stapes

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13
Q

What part of the ossicle connects the incus to the oval window?

A

Stapes

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14
Q

What structure is the entrance to the inner ear?

A

The oval window

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15
Q

What structures does the Eustachian tube connect?

A

Middle ear to nasopharnyx

Equalizes pressure on both sides

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16
Q

Why does our hearing decline with age?

A

Ossicles become ossified

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17
Q

What is the bony canal in the temporal bone in inner ear?

A

Osseous labyrinth

18
Q

What is the membrane within the osseous labyrinth?

A

Membranous labyrinth

19
Q

How do lymphs of the ear differ?

A

Different ionic concentrations

Endolymph is high in K+

20
Q

Which fluid fills the space between the osseous and membranous labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

21
Q

Which fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

22
Q

Why are there more outer hair cells?

A

They are responsible for amplification of sound

23
Q

Fluid in scala vestibule and scala tympani

A

Perilymph

24
Q

Fluid in scala media

A

Endolymph

25
Q

Basilar membrane contains:

A

: 16000 hearing receptor cells

26
Q

How the cochlea works:

A

: pressure from oval window -> pushes perilymph into scala vestibuli -> round window membrane bulges out

27
Q

What type of projection does the auditory nerve have?

A

Bilateral projection

28
Q

CNS structures associated with hearing

A

Inferior colliculi
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
Insular cortex

29
Q

Lesion in the auditory cortex causes:

A

: normal auditory function because of bilateral projection

30
Q

With a cochlear implant :

A

: hair cells bypassed

31
Q

Utricle hair cells

A

Depolarization inward

32
Q

Saccular macula hair cells

A

Depolarization out wards

33
Q

What type of crystals are within the saccule and the utricle?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

34
Q

Head movement is :

A

: opposite of fluid movement

35
Q

Push-pull arrangement of semicircular canals

A

Rotation causes excitation of a semicircular canal on one side and the inhibition of a semicircular canal on the other side

36
Q

What responds to gravitational pull?

A

Otoliths within gelatinous material

37
Q

What does the kinociliumdo?

A

Keeps otoliths embedded in gelatinous material

38
Q

Balance is a ________ pathway

A

Descending, controls motor

39
Q

All signals are _________ in brainstem and midbrain but __________ within cortex

A

Bilateral

Contralateral

40
Q

What are cupula?

A

Long rows with hair cells embedded in the crista ampullaris

41
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Line of sight fixed on visual target

Senses rotation of head and commands compensatory movement of eyes in opposite direction

42
Q

How are the EOMs excited by the VOR?

A

Semicircular canals -> vestibular nucleus -> CN nuclei -> EOMs

43
Q

What are the movement detectors of hearing and balance?

A

Periodic waves
Rotational
Linear force

Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II (16 decks)

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