3.2.3.1 Psychological factors that can influence an individual in physical activities. 3.2.3.1.5 Aggression

Question 1

aggression

Answer 1

• harms another human being,
• intentional
• outside the laws or rules of the game
• reactive, out of control, deliberate and hostile
  e. g punch in football

Question 2

types of aggression

Answer 2

1. hostile aggression : emotional response to another performer/situation, sole purpose= cause hurt/injury
   e. g. punch in football
2. instrumental aggression : means to another goal e.g. tackle in rugby with huge force= intention to make them fear you or to be winded and out of game , primary motivation - take them out of the game (within the rules)

Question 3

aggressive feelings lead to… (types)

Answer 3

don’t always = negative behaviour

• assertive behaviour: physical force within rules or ethics of a sport = legitimate
• channelled aggression:diverted -> positive & useful actions e.g working harder/ focusing more

Question 4

assertion

Answer 4

• plays hard
• controlled & well motivated behaviour
• within the rules
• goal directed
  e. g. going in hard for a tackle

Question 5

theories of aggression

Answer 5

1. instinct theory
2. frustration aggression hypothesis
3. aggressive cue hypothesis
4. social learning theory of aggression

Question 6

instinct theory

Answer 6

FREUD

• born aggressive instinct
• surfaces = enough provocation (ritualistic control) & injury threat
• calms down = catharsis (recover performance)
• nature vs nuture
• arousal = catastrophe theory = decrease performance

Question 7

adv/dis of instinct theory

Answer 7

adv:
- aggression calms = channel aggression
- experience catharsis = outlet

dis:
aggression can be learnt/pre intended
increase aggression whilst playing rather than catharsis
not all ancestors aggressive (contradicts it being innate)

Question 8

catharsis

Answer 8

controlled approach

• cleansing emotions = sport = outlet for aggression
• aggressive intent = outlet = reduce aggressive drive

experienced frustrated player = rid of aggressive inclination = experience catharsis not occur = more aggression

Question 9

frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 9

DOLLARD
inevitable aggression occurs= goals are blocked = frustrated, performer innate aggression tendencies
= aggressive act initiated = reduce aggressive drive = catharsis
unable to release aggressive drive = form of self punishment = increase frustration = increase aggressive drive

link between aggression and frustration

Question 10

limitations of the frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 10

• who experience frustration and aggression even when not blocked
• goals blocked = frustration but no aggression (control)
• aggressive without being frustrated, aggression isn’t always cathartic= could make them angrier

Question 11

reasons why react aggressively due to frustration in sport:

Answer 11

• loosing
• poor play by you or team
• disagree with ref, being fouled
• pressure of success, high pressure games
• hostile crowd

Question 12

aggressive cue hypothesis

Answer 12

BERKOWITZ
learn trigger =stimulus =frustrate =arousal = aggression
cue- coaches/ opponents/ equipment
learnt from significant other (nature approach)

Question 13

adv and dis of aggressive cue hypothesis

Answer 13

adv:
frustration = increase arousal = good for elite
-aggressvie cues = channel = benefit = focus increase
-account environment

dis:
- different people react different to same cue (dont?)
- control- dont become aggressive as response

Question 14

social learning theory of aggression

Answer 14

BANDURA (Bobo doll)

• learnt observing social norms(operant conditioning),
• association with others/copying behaviour reinforced from env

observe-identify-reinforce-copy
significant other/high esteem/role model/ team mate/ coach
-live behaviour = likely copied than recorded if consistent, powerful and bright

Question 15

Bandura’s 5 main cognitive factors mediate control of aggressive behaviour

Answer 15

1. attention (to aggressor)
2. retention (model, put in LTM, remember to retrieve it)
3. production (physically capable)
4. motivation (positive reinforcement, rewards)
5. self efficacy( confidence in ability/self belief give positive outcome)

Question 16

adv and dis of social learning theory of aggression

Answer 16

adv:
analysis person impacted by those around
rewards = reoffending
unpunished = continue to bend rules

dis:
assume people learn the same
no copying, may alter behaviour (own opinion)
doesnt consider nature vs nature
aggression instinctive & reactive not learnt
react aggressively even not in situation observe& copy

Question 17

6 strategies to control aggression

Answer 17

1. mental calming techniques/mental rehearsal
2. coaches talk to players - aggression strikes
3. punish aggression (replace)
4. reinforce ethics and values of sport
5. goals = dont involve aggression
6. promote walking away

Question 18

Instinct theory AOs:

Answer 18

AO1: innate, tendency to act aggressive(natural response), sport = opportunity to act aggressively to release tension build up in controlled environment-peaceful in general life

AO2; rugby tackled hard therefore injury threat = aggression surface under threat

AO3: many aggressive sports people are aggressive outside of sport too, hunters & gatherers and close relatives aren’t aggressive
-not all people appear aggressive some people in a premeditated manner not instinctive

Question 19

Aggressive cue hypothesis AOs:

Answer 19

AO1: certain cues for aggressive behaviour athlete highly aroused = presence of cues = aggressive behaviour

AO2: e.g. footballer triggered having to play specific opponent/team at their stadium

AO3: aggression sometimes occurs at an opponent as a genuine threat to athlete, some people display premeditated aggression which is not always in response to a cue

Question 20

frustration aggression hypothesis AOs:

Answer 20

AO1: aggression only occurs when frustration is experienced, frustration occurs when athlete is prevented from reaching a goal they want to achieve

AO2: tennis player misses shot on match point = goal blocked = frustrated = aggressive

AO3: often see people acting aggressive even when not frustrated, other emotions occur along with frustration which may occur rather than aggression some performers give up when frustrated

Question 21

social learning AOs

Answer 21

Ao1: aggression is learnt behaviour, individuals pick up from watching other act aggressive, aggressive behaviour more likely replicated if observer sees a significant other acting in an aggressive way

AO2: grass root player sees professional punch opponent in football when badly fouled and they do it too

AO3: doesnt account for persons biological makeup, isn’t clear whether observing aggressive behaviour willl have long term effect on actions of observer

Question 22

causes of aggression

Answer 22

1. bad play
2. team mates (not trying)
3. official decisions
4. crowd/opponent
5. importance
6. religion/culture
7. contact sport
8. personality
9. social learning
10. over arousal