3.2.3.1 Psychological factors that can influence an individual in physical activities. 3.2.3.1.13 Leadership

Question 1

2 ways of becoming a leader:

Answer 1

• prescribed leader

- emergent leader

Question 2

prescribed leader

Answer 2

leader appointed by external source/higher authority (outside the group)

\+ve = new ideas 
-ve = unsettle a group (disagreements)

Question 3

emergent leader

positives and negatives

Answer 3

selected from within the group (nominated by members on ability) through possession of skills,

+ve effective, respect & support of team mates
-ve no fresh ideas (no progress)

Question 4

8 characteristics of an effective leader

Answer 4

1. effective communicator
2. charismatic (interpersonal skills)
3. knowledgable about sport/skilful
4. empathetic
5. confident
6. flexible
7. enthusiastic = motivating
8. clear goals/vision/decision making

Question 5

leadership style & effective leadership depends on:

Answer 5

interaction between:

1. personal factors (leader’s style and qualities)
2. situational factors (followers qualities/situation)

-different styles = blended together =suit situation

Question 6

3 leadership styles

Answer 6

1. laissez-faire
2. autocratic/authoritarian (task orientated)
3. democratic

LAD

Question 7

5 characteristics of autocratic/authoritarian

Answer 7

1. dictates = sole decision maker
2. ensure task is fulfilled task orientated
3. no concern with interpersonal relationships
4. complete goal ASAP
5. work hard leader present, aggressive when left alone

task complex/dangerous (javelin)
clear/specific goals - cognitive performers
limited time
larger groups/teams (hostile groups)

Question 8

4 characteristics of democratic

Answer 8

1. relationships developed in group (interpersonal)
2. group involved in decisions(cooperative)= discuss
3. leader = final decision informal and relax leadership
4. alone group = cooperative and hard working

small groups/individuals (friendly/advanced)
lots of time (no quick decisions)

Question 9

4 characteristics of laissez-faire

Answer 9

1. leader passive role = figure head = hands off/less help
2. group make all of own decision
3. task less likely to be completed
4. not recommended in sport = lazy/give up etc if left alone

problem solving approach required, advanced performers

Question 10

leadership theories

Answer 10

where do leadership qualities come from:

1. trait perspective
2. social learning theory
3. interactionist theory

Question 11

trait perspective

Answer 11

stable enduring innate 
great man theory 
all situations 
pre determined (born leader) 
personality (part of)

Question 12

social learning theory

Answer 12

Bandura 
observed copied (modelling) 
reinforcement = central feature 
high profile models 
(same role models affect people differently)

Question 13

interactionist theory

Answer 13

traits triggered by situation
danger autocracy (takes control)
leader = perceives situation then chooses leadership style
(can produce inconsistency)

Question 14

Fiedler’s contingency

Answer 14

leadership effectiveness and favourableness

1. task orientated (autocratic )
2. person orientated (democratic)

effective = dependent personality trait/situation

task orientated (very high or very low favourable)
person orientated (moderate favourable) 

task: setting goals/complete task ASAP
person: develop interpersonal relationships

Question 15

3 things favourableness is dependent on:

Answer 15

1 leaders strength
2 task complexity
3 group relation

Question 16

judge the success/effectiveness of a leader on:

2 things

Answer 16

1. accomplished success

2. group satisfaction

Question 17

Chelladura’s Multi Dimensional model:

Answer 17

considers situation, members and leader

1. situation = required behaviour e.g.dangerous-autocratic
2. leader (adaptable) = actual behaviour e.g. own ability
3. members = preferred behaviour e.g. experience/characteristics of group

== good performance and group satisfaction

=congruence(agree=group satisfaction& success)
dissonance = dissatisfaction

Question 18

leader

Answer 18

someone who has influence in helping others to achieve their goals

Question 19

5 characteristics of most favourable

Answer 19

1. leader has respect/authority
2. good support in group/relationships
3. high ability and motivated group
4. clear task
5. harmony between leader and group

Question 20

6 conditions for a moderate favourable situation

Answer 20

1. team members = contribute to decisions (consult)
2. some power and respect
3. good relationships
4. parts of task is clear
5. moderate motivation/ reasonable ability
6. limited support

Question 21

5 characteristics of least/unfavourable

Answer 21

1. leader no power/respect (weak)
2. infighting/hostility towards leader between members
3. group = low ability and motivation
4. group members dont support others
5. unclear task

Question 22

required vs actual vs preferred behaviours

Answer 22

required: what situation demands
actual: what leader decides to do in relation to leadership style
preferred: what group wants

Question 23

Task vs Person orientated

Answer 23

task= cognitive, large, less time,dangerous situation(male)
high favourableness
low favourableness
AUTOCRATIC

person= advanced, smaller, time, not dangerous (female)
moderate favourableness
DEMOCRATIC

Question 24

congruence

Answer 24

leaders actual behaviour matches what the group wants and what the situation needs = better performance

Question 25

2 leadership models

Answer 25

1. Fiedler’s contingency

2. Chelladura’s Multi Dimensional model:

Question 26

6 conditions influencing favourableness of situation

Answer 26

1. support
2. motivation levels & ability
3. decisions
4. power/respect
5. task clear?
6. relationships