3.2.3.1 Psychological factors that can influence an individual in physical activities. 3.2.3.1.2 Attitudes Flashcards
attitude
complex mix of feelings, beliefs and values
predisposes somebody behave towards attitude object
-attitude towards an opponent/venue/official/competition huge effect on outcome
-attitude view held towards an attitude object
attitude object
a person, event or behaviour towards which a person has an attitude, it can be positive or negative
qualities of attitudes…
1-positive/negative
2-stable and enduring
3-focus on item/situation (attitude object)
4-either evaluative, subjective or beliefs
5-specific rather than global e.g. specific object
-accused of a ‘poor attitude’ = goes against social norms
social norms
unwritten rules about a persons behaviour
- control social behaviour
- consensus
- rules if enough people believe in them
- enforced by social approval = accept/ rejection
attitudes are based on
- multidimensional
- some knowledge
- some emotions/feelings
- some behavioural intentions
components of attitudes
triadic model
elects or attitude components
1. the cognitive component (belief/thought)
2. the affective component (emotions/feelings)
3. the behavioural component (actions/response)
triadic model
- cognitive (belief/thought)
(beliefs, thoughts and ideas about attitude object)
e.g. swimming is good from PE lessons & parents - affective (emotion/feel)
- emotional response/ feelings to attitude object
e. g. past enjoyed swimming = positive feeling - behavioural (act/respond)
- respond to/intend to respond to attitude object
- evaluation of the first 2 parts of triadic model
e. g. participating regularly in swimming
hockey player example of triadic model
e. g.hockey player interval training
cognitive: help sprinting mimics game conditions
affective: enjoy fitness in game&improved performance
behavioural: plan sessions & monitor HR/ alter training
tennis player example of triadic model
e. g. tennis player SAQ training
cognitive: improve performance = agile around court,
affective: dont enjoy training type = tiring/ repetitive
behavioural: negative view of this training no maximal effort = benefits aren’t as strong/influential
how are attitudes formed
-through experience/learning
- past experiences (learned helplessness)
- socialisation (fitting in with cultural norms, peer groups)
- social learning (significant others = influence)
- media
- peer groups = good cohesion
- conditioning (rewards, attitude strengthened, = intention and likelihood)
- familiarity (experience attitude object, positive attitude)
having a positive attitude
positive attitude = positive behaviour
e. g. positive attitude to PA = participation in PA
- feeling part of group and team
- good attitudes = social norms = accepted
- helps coaches= measure teams attitude e.g. towards officials/new members etc
methods of changing attitudes
- persuasive communication
2. cognitive dissonance
persuasive communication PC
- coach or significant other “persuades” performer to alter attitude by discussion argument or debate
- only affective if attitude isn’t too strong belief
- individual must want to change
3 factors influencing PC and ensuring it is effective
- persuade (significant other)
credible, status, popularity (trustworthy, good info past)
-social cultural background (similar to receiver) - quality of message
- clarity, factual, accurate/correct
- make receiver want to change attitude
- confidence/enthusiasm - receiver
- ready for message
- motivated to change
- strength of their current attitude (persuadable)
persuasive communication example tennis
- use captain or coach (have knowledge/experience of team)
- persuade the one with negative attitude
- have enthusiasm and confidence when speaking to doubtful player and make sure clear with emotional arguments and is positive
