3.2.2 Section B: The Changing Economic World - Nigeria NEE Case Study Flashcards
1
Q
Where is Nigeria located?
A
- country in West Africa
- Nigeria borders Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon
- almost due South of the UK, just 1hr ahead of Greenwich Mean Time
- stretching from 4 degrees N to 14 degrees N, Nigeria extends from the Gulf and Guinea in the south to the Sahel in the north
- just North of the equator
- only an hour ahead of the UK
2
Q
What is the climate of Nigeria like throughout the year?
A
- it has a tropical climate with variable rainy and dry seasons in different parts of the country
- tropical climate (hot and wet) most of the years in the south
- further north it is semi-dessert (Sahel)
- inland there is a long, dry season
3
Q
What are the environmental characteristics of Nigeria?
A
- tropical rainforest in south
- grassland towards north
- semi-desert in far north
4
Q
NEE:
A
a country which is experiencing a period of rapid economic growth
5
Q
How old is Nigeria?
A
1 of oldest locations in human existence (9,000BC)
6
Q
What is the population of Nigeria?
A
- 218mn
- largest population in Africa
7
Q
What is the capital city of Nigeria?
A
Abuja
8
Q
What river flows through Nigeria?
A
River Niger
9
Q
What is the film industry in Nigeria called?
A
Nollywood
10
Q
How big of a producer of oil is Nigeria?
A
- 15th largest global producer, accounting for 2.2% of the global supply
- much of country’s economic growth based on oil revenues
11
Q
What is Nigeria a member of and what does this allow Nigeria to do with oil?
A
part of OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) which gives it a big say in how much oil costs globally
12
Q
What % of exports earnings does oil account for for Nigeria?
A
accounts for 95% of the country’s export earnings
13
Q
Where is most oil in Nigeria found and why is it liked by other nations?
A
found in the Niger river delta and its liked by other nations due to its low levels of sulphur
14
Q
What problems has oil caused in Nigeria?
A
Nigeria has a big problem with gangs illegally siphoning off oil from its tangle of pipelines
15
Q
What % of the economically active population in Nigeria are employed in agriculture?
A
- 35%(2020)
- majority of these are subsistence farmers, growing only what they need to survive
16
Q
What are the main crops farmed in the agriculture industry in Nigeria?
A
the crops are yams, cassava, sorghum, millet and livestock but there are big issues surrounding ownership of land
17
Q
How many cattle are there in Nigeria?
A
19mn+ cattle in Nigeria
18
Q
What is Nigeria currently experiencing?
A
experiencing a period of rapid economic growth
19
Q
How big was Nigeria’s economy in 2014 and how big is it predicted to be by 2050?
A
- in 2014 it was the world’s largest economy
- predicted to be 11th largest economy by 2050
20
Q
What is Nigeria’s economy like?
A
diverse economy - media, telecommunications, financial services etc.
21
Q
What extremist group is found in Nigeria and what do they do?
A
- Boko Haram Islamic extremists in Nigeria
- kidnap 100s of girls
- means Nigeria has to put more money into war effort against Boko Haram rather than using it to help Nigeria develop
22
Q
What potential does Nigeria have?
A
despite its problems (corruption, poor infrastructure, inequality, frequent power cuts) the country has massive potential
23
Q
What did President Obama say about Nigeria’s potential?
A
“Nigeria is critical to the rest of the continent and if Nigeria does not get it right, Africa will really not make progress.”
24
Q
What is Nigeria’s GDP like?
A
one of the fastest growing GDP’s in Africa
25
How big was Nigeria’s GDP in 2014?
had the highest GDP in the continent
26
How large was Nigeria’s manufacturing sector in 2014?
had the 3rd largest manufacturing sector in Africa
27
What is Nigeria’s economy like?
1 of fastest growing economies in Africa
28
What has Nigeria suffered with?
Nigeria suffered with instability since independence from British rule in 1960
29
How big of a contributor is Nigeria to the UN peace keeping missions?
5th biggest contributor to UN peace keeping missions, many of which are in Africa
30
How diverse is Nigeria?
- multiethnic and multi faith country
- ethnic groups in Nigeria include the Yoruba 21% of population and Igbo 18% of population)
- Christianity, Islam and traditional African religions are practiced widely
- social diversity is one of Nigeria’s greatest strengths, but has also been a source of conflict
31
What did the Igbo try to do in Nigeria in 1967?
- in 1967 the Igbo dominated the south-east and tried to separate from Nigeria to become the Republic of Biafra
- as a result, the country was torn by vcivil war until the Biafrans were defeated in 1970
32
What has economic inequality in Nigeria created?
- economic inequality between the north and south of Nigeria has created new religious and ethnic tensions, with the rise of the Islamic fundamentalist groups Boko Haram
- this has created an unstable situation in the country, and has had a negative impact on the economy, with a reduction in investment from abroad and a rise in unemployment, therefore hindering development
33
What has rapid urbanisation in recent years in Nigeria led to?
- rapid urbanisation in recent years has led to a shift in population
- rural-urban migration of people from the countryside into cities has broken down some of the traditional boundaries
- however, ethnic identities still exist even within modern cities
34
When was the political map of Africa drawn?
- political map of Africa was drawn by a small group of powerful European countries at the Berlin Conference in 1883
- these countries carved up control of Africa between them
- this explains why many country borders are straight lines
- Europeans exploited Africa’s resources, including its people, who were traded as slaves
35
When did many African countries gain independence?
- in the 1960s many African countries gained independence
- Nigeria became fully independent from the UK in 1960
36
Who controlled Africa after it gained independence?
-
- series of dictatorships which resulted in a civil war between 1967-1970
- lack of political stability affected Nigeria’s development nd led to widespread corruption
37
Since when has Nigeria had a stable government?
- since 1999 the country has had a stable gov
- recent elections in 2011 and 2015 were seen as free and fair
38
What is a sign of a political progress in Nigeria?
- the way Nigeria dealt with the Ebola outbreak in 2014
- only 8 people died in Nigeria which managed to contain the disease with good healthcare and planning
- other countries later copied Nigeria’s method to prevent the diseases from spreading
39
How is America politically linked to Nigeria?
- American corporations such as Walmart and IT giants IBM, Microsoft and Oracle are operating in Nigeria
- General Electric and American companies are investing in new power plants
40
How is China is linked to Nigeria?
China is investing heavily in constructing in the capital
41
What is Nigeria’s culture like?
diverse population so Nigeria enjoys a rich and varied culture
42
What is Nigeria’s football team like?
- Nigeria’s football team has won the African Cup of Nations 3 times, most recently in 2013
- several Nigerian football players have played for Premier League sides inc. Victor Moses, John Obi Mikel, Jay-Jay Okocha and Kanu
43
What is Nigeria like in literature?
many well-known Nigerian writers inc. Wole Soyinka, China Achebe, Chimamanda Bgozi Adichie and Nedi Okorafor
44
What is Nigerian music like?
- Nigerian music enjoyed across the continent and world
- famous Nigerian artists include: Fela Kuti, Burna Roy
45
What is Nigerian cinema like?
- Nigerian cinema is known as ‘Nollywood’
- 2nd largest film industry in world ahead of US and behind India
46
What do Nigeria’s natural environments form?
- Nigeria’s natural environments for a series of bands across the country
- this reflects the decreasing rainfall towards the north in West Africa
- these environmental regions extend to the east and west of Nigeria
- to the north is the Sahel and the Sahara Desert
47
What is the environment of northern Nigeria like?
- far north-east of the country is semi-desert
- further south, tropical grassland (savanna) dominates - mainly used for grazing cattle
- crops such as cotton, millet and groundnuts are grown
48
What is the environment of Jos Plateau in Nigeria like?
- upland region centred on the city of Jos
- wetter and cooler than the surrounding savanna
- densely populated farmland with some woodland
49
What is the environment of southern Nigeria like?
- high temperatures and high annual rainfall - tropical rainforest in south
- most of this area is forest, with crops such as cocoa, palm oil and rubber
- hard to keep cattle herd because of the tsetse fly
- unique to Africa the pest transmits a parasite that can be lethal to livestock
50
What did Nigeria become a part of in the late 18th C?
part of British Empire from late 18th C until 1960
51
What long-term affects did the BE have on Nigeria?
- once independent, the patter of trade was established where Nigeria exported natural commodities in Britain and in exchange imported manufactured goods
- since independence Nigeria has become a member of the Commonwealth
- now has equal status with all countries including the UK
- although Nigeria is a republic it recognises the King as the Head of the Commonwealth
52
How has Nigeria’s political role changed in recent decades?
has become a leading member of African political and economic groups as well as International organisations e.g. the UN
53
What is the African Union and how is Nigeria a part of it?
- African Union is an economic planning and peacekeeping group
- Nigeria is in alliance with Niger, Chad, Benin and Cameroon to provide troops
- if there is any conflict/warfare Nigeria is involved in with other countries in Africa then they’ll have extra troops and alliances with surrounding African countries
- less likely to come into conflict with allies allowing Nigeria to be more economically stable
54
What is the UN and how is Nigeria linked to it?
- in 2013 Nigeria contributed the 5th largest number of troops to the UN peacekeeping force
- in 2014-15 it was a temporary member of the UN Security Council
- Nigeria was recently given a special award for its contribution to UN peacekeeping movements
- if Nigeria builds relationships with other countries then they may be taken more seriously globally - means there is assistance available for Nigeria when it is needed
55
What is OPEC and how is Nigeria a part of it?
- Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
- aims to stabilise the price of oil and to ensure a regular supply
- not fluctuations in supply means people will be able to have a steady income and will be able to maintain a good standard of living
56
What is ECOWAS and how is Nigeria a part of it?
- Economic Community of West African States
- trading group made up of countries of West Africa with headquarters in Abuja
- provides more trade options for Nigeria and helps Nigeria economically develop
- Nations specialise in different goods and can trade to get other heads - making profit + improve standard of living
57
What is CEN-SAD and how is Nigeria a part of it?
- Community of Sahel-Saharan States
- has similar aims to ECOWAS and also seeks to develop sporting links
- commonwealth sporting links - more rising Nigerian athletes making Nigeria more globally important and better respected
58
What is Nigeria in terms of trading?
Nigeria is a major global trading nation
59
What are Nigeria’s main exports?
- crude oil
- refined petroleum
- natural gas
- rubber
- cocoa
- cotton
60
What are Nigeria’s main imports?
- refined petroleum from EU and USA
- cars from Brazil and USA
- telephones
- rice
- wheat
- one of fastest growing imports is telephones which are imported from China - in demand in Nigeria’s growing population and emerging middle class
61
Where does Nigeria rank for the number of mobile phones used and how does the UK compare?
- 7th in the world for number of mobile phones used
- UK is 17th
62
What % of Nigeria’s trade is with the EU?
approx. 40%
63
How many mobile subscription does Nigeria have per 100 people in 2019?
- 92 mobile subscriptions per 100 people
- compares with 120 for the UK
64
What is the top importer into China?
top importer into Nigeria is China
65
What is the main destination for Nigeria’s exports and why?
EU as they may not be able to grow certain crops in the cooler climate compared to Nigeria’s warmer, wetter climate
66
What are Nigeria’s African trading partners and why does it have so few?
- only 2 African trading partners - as they have similar climates so similar resources so don't need to export and import products
- Ivory Coast and South Africa
67
How important is crude oil to Nigeria’s exports?
dominates Nigeria’s exports
68
Who was Nigeria’s biggest customer of crude oil till 2013?
the USA
69
What was Nigeria’s oil describes as and why is it preferred?
- described at ‘sweet oil’
- oil with less than 42% sulphur
- higher quality than oil from the Middle East and suitable for refining gasoline (fuel)
70
Why has the demand for Nigerian oil in the USA fallen?
recent development of shale oil in USA so demand for Nigerian oil has fallen
71
Who is Nigeria’s biggest customer for crude oil?
India
72
Which countries increased the amount of oil they imported from Nigerian between 2015-2020?
- India
- Spain
- the Netherlands
73
How did the % of crude oil exports from Nigeria to USA change from 2010-2014?
- 2010 - 43%
- 2014 - 3%
74
How did the % of crude oil exports from Nigeria to Europe (excluding France, Germany and Spain) change from 2010-2014?
- 2010 - 5%
- 2014 - 25%
75
How did the % of crude oil exports from Nigeria to Spain change from 2010-2014?
- 2010 - 5%
- 2014 - 9%
76
What has reduced the important of Nigeria’s agricultural products?
the reliance on crude petroleum has reduced the important of Nigeria’s agricultural products
77
What % of Nigeria’s population is employed in the agriculture sector?
36% of Nigeria’s population is employed in agriculture sector
78
What are the top destinations for Nigeria’s agricultural products?
- Vietnam
- India
- Russia
- the Netherlands
79
What are Nigeria’s main agricultural exports?
- sesame seeds
- fermented cocoa beans
- cashew nuts
- ginger
- crude palm kernel oil
- soya beans
- frozen shrimps
- prawns
80
How is China influencing Nigeria’s economy?
- China is now Nigeria’s main export partner for manufactured goods
- China’s influence goes beyond goods it sells
- growing Chinese investment in Nigeria and other African countries
- China and Nigeria both benefit from this relationship
81
What can China give Nigeria’s economy?
- investment in infrastructure - particularly in its transport network and power supply
- China with recent expertise in its own infrastructure is able to bring that expertise to other countries such as Nigeria
- use of Nigeria’s resources e.g. oilfield
82
How did China improve Nigeria’s transport infrastructure?
in 2014 China Railway Construction Corporation won US$12bn contract to build a new railway along coast of Nigeria
83
How did China make use of Nigeria’s resources?
- China’s fast growing economy needs more resources than the country can provide
- it finds this resources abroad in countries like Nigeria
- in 2014 a Chinese corporation agreed to invest US$10bn in drilling a new oilfield in Nigeria
84
Export:
when goods and services are sold from one country to another
85
Investment:
putting money into something or someone
86
Resources:
money and or materials that can be used to help build a project
87
How does manufacturing in Nigeria impact its economy?
- manufacturing industries stimulate growth through close links with each other; for example companies supplying parts for making cars
- a thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment which stimulates further economic growth
- producing manufactured goos reduces the need to import goods and can be cheaper
- oil processing has created chemical byproducts - this can lead to the growth of a range of chemical industries including soap detergents and plastics
- as industries grow more people are employed and revenue from tax increases
- expansion of Nigerian companies into other countries increases Nigeria’s influence oil the region
88
How does manufacturing impact the standard of living for local people in Nigeria?
89
How does manufacturing impact the quality of life for local people in Nigeria?
regular paid work gives people a more stable income and provides an ever-larger home market for purchasing products such as cars, clothes and electrical appliances
90
Who is Africa’s richest person?
- Aliko Dangote is Africa’s richest person
- he is a billionaire many times over and the founder of the Dangote Cement, one of Nigeria’s largest cement economies
91
Which countries is Dangote Cement (Aliko Dangote’s company - richest person in Africa) found in?
- 3 giant cement plants in Nigeria
- in a continent that is urbanising rapidly, cement is in high demand and Dangote Cement has expanded into 13 other African countries
- since major earthquake in Nepal in 2015 it also plants to open a plant in Nepal
92
Economic development:
the growth of the economy
93
Stimulated:
encourage the development of the economy
94
Industrial sector:
manufacturing
95
Import:
the goods and services bought by a country
96
What was traditionally Nigeria’s main source of income?
- traditionally, primary products has been Nigeria’s main source of income
- agricultural products like cocoa, timber, oil palm, groundnuts and cotton were its main exports
97
What caused a big change in Nigeria’s economy?
the discovery of oil in the Niger Delta in the 1950s led to a big change in Nigeria
98
What % of Nigeria’s GDP does oil account for?
99
What % of Nigeria’s export earning does oil make up?
100
How much oil does Nigeria have?
Nigeria has the 10th highest level of oil reserves in the world
101
How much oil does Nigeria have left?
at present rate of production it has around 50yrs supply left
102
What are the advantages of oil extraction in Nigeria for its economy?
income from oil has helped Nigeria to make the transition from an LIC to an NEE
103
What are the disadvantages of oil extraction in Nigeria for its economy?
- Nigeria’s dependence on oil makes it vulnerable to changes in the world oil price
- when oil prices fall, as they did in 2015, it damages the Nigerian economy
104
Primary products:
products that are natural raw materials e.g. crops, fish etc.
105
Niger Delta:
the Delta of the Nigeria river
106
How has Nigeria’s agricultural sector changed?
- employment in agriculture (primary sector) has fallen due to an increasing use of farm machinery and better pay and conditions in other sectors of the economy
- 1999 approx 70% of economy
- 2012 1/3 of economy
107
How has Nigeria’s industrial sector changed?
- industrialisation and economic growth (secondary sector) under a stable government has increased employment in oil production, manufacturing and industries such as construction, motor manufacturing, sugar refining, paper and pharmaceuticals
- 1999 - 12.5% of economy
- 2012 - 1/3 of economy
108
How has Nigeria’s service sector changed?
- the growth of communications, retail and finance in the service (tertiary) sector
- 1999 - 20% of sector
- 2012 - 35% of economy
109
What is the structure of Nigeria’s economy like now?
changes have meant that Nigeria now has a more a balanced economy with a more even balance between different sectors
110
How is technology developing Nigeria’s economy?
- information tech is beginning to drive the economy rather than oil
- investment in science and technology training - Nigeria’s huge population is see as a potential asset for the country
- rapid advances in technology
111
How is population developing Nigeria’s economy?
- many people speak English, giving potential for growth in telecommunications
- greater concern for the environment
112
Telecommunications:
communication over a cable by phone or broadcasting
113
Asset:
a useful or valuable thing or person
114
How long has Britain had trading with West Africa for?
for over 500 yrs
115
What happened to trade in West Africa when slavery was made illegal?
- slavery made illegal in 1807 so trade in West Africa turned to palm oil, used in Britain to make soap
116
What did Nigeria become a part of in the late 18th C?
- became part of British Empire from late 18th C until 1960
- country was ruled by Britain
117
What long-term affects did the BE have on Nigeria?
- once independent, the patter of trade was established where Nigeria exported natural commodities in Britain and in exchange imported manufactured goods
- since independence Nigeria has become a member of the Commonwealth
- now has equal status with all countries including the UK
- although Nigeria is a republic it recognises the King as the Head of the Commonwealth
118
How has Nigeria’s political role changed in recent decades?
has become a leading member of African political and economic groups as well as International organisations e.g. the UN
119
TNC:
- large company the operates in several countries
- usually has its HQ’s in 1 country (usually a HIC) and production plants in several other countries (LICs or NEEs)
120
Why are TNC’s (particularly oil exports) attracted to Nigeria?
TNC’s locate in foreign countries in order to take advantage of:
- cheap labour
- coastal regions
- unstable political leadership open to corruption
- little competition from Nigerian companies
- abundance of crude oil (unrefined and gas)
- laxer environmental laws
- access to wider market
- large internal markets
- tax incentives
121
How many TNC’s operate in Nigeria and where are most of them based?
- approx. 40 TNC’s operate in Nigeria
- majority have HQ’s based in UK, USA ore in Europe
122
What are the TNC’s in Nigeria based in USA and UK?
- those based in USA include KFC (fast food)
- those based in UK include Unilever (food and home care
123
What is Shell?
Shell in one of world’s largest oil companies with HQ’s in London
124
When was oil discovered in Nigeria and what are people’s opinions on what Shell has done?
since discovery of oil there in 1958, its operations in the Niger Delta have been controversial
125
When did Shell start extracting oil in Nigeria?
1958 - 1st company to export oil from Nigeria
126
How does Shell extract oil?
- swampy river delta is one of most difficult places ind orld to extract oil
- as a TNC Shell has been able to invest huge amounts of money and expertise into extracting oil her
- oil is extracted from under the Sea as well as the Niger Delta
- Nigeria is one of few oil-producing countries that is capable of increasing its output
127
What was Shell the 1st to do?
- 1st company to export oil from Nigeria
- 1st private sector company in Nigeria
128
What do local people think about Shell’s business activity?
- Shell should employ more youth so they don't get into danger + trouble
129
What are some challenges of life in rural areas and mangroves in Nigeria?
- Niger Delta
- hot, humid
- malaria
- no electricity or running water
- education and health facilities are limited
130
How many people are employed both directly and indirectly by Shell?
- direct employment for 2,700 people and 9,000 contractors
- indirect employment for 20,000 people
- 800 employed for every 100 employed
131
What % of Shell’s employees are Nigerian?
approximately 90%
132
How much money does Shell spend on healthcare per yr and how many people does this help improve the lives of?
- approx. US$50,000 spent on healthcare benefitting 250,000 people
- Shell provides approx. 3,000 scholarships to secondary schools and universities in Nigeria
133
How does Shell help provide energy to people in Nigeria?
the Shell ‘not-for-profit’ enterprise All On finances renewable energy products such as solar power, helping to provide energy for the 75% of Nigeria’s population not connected to the national power grid
134
How is Shell supporting the manufacturing industry in Nigeria?
- Shell is working the the Nigerian gov to build a network of natural gas plants to support the growing manufacturing industry
- contracts awarded to Nigerian companies
135
How is Shell helping to improve the lives of impoverished Nigerians?
- SPDC (The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited) invests in electricity, running water, builds schools and trains young people in welding and leadership skills
- SPDC provides microcredit loans to people to help start businesses
136
How many people visit SPDC (The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited) clinics in Nigeria and what do they provide?
- 1/4mn
- provide pregnancy health checks
- Niger Delta AIDS Response Program (inc. TB and malaria)
137
What are the environmental damages caused by oil extraction by Shell in Nigeria?
- oil spills from pipelines and oil refineries cause water pollution and contaminate soils, reducing agricultural production and fishing yields in the Niger Delta
- landscape destroyed
- crude oil spilt into mangrove swamps and mangroves and trees completely destroyed
- Trans-Niger pipeline unprotected through Bodo, people of Bodo received no money from it and negatively impacted through oil spills and explosions
- Bodo explosion in 2013 (25th attack)
- oil spilt into creeks during oil thefts (illegal refineries)
- ground completely saturated at illegal refineries
- spillages from equipment by Shell
138
What was the cause of the 2013 Bodo explosion in Nigeria?
- caused by oil being stolen (illegal extraction of crude oil) + corruption —→ 1,000s of L of oil being stolen near Bodo village
- military (joint task force) 70m from operation of bunkering yet made no effort to stop it most likely due to being bribed and corruption
139
What happened in 2008/09 in Bodo, Nigeria?
- 2 major oil spills in 2008 devastated area of Bodo
- 11mn gallons of crude oil spilt over 20km area
- disaster completely destroyed local farms and collapsed fishing and livestock community
140
What is the problem with illegal oil refineries in Nigeria?
- doesn't provide any benefits of oil pipeline for local communities in Delta
- environment damage e.g. oil spilt into creeks
- even a medium refinery takes up to 2-3 acres with 30 people living and working at all hrs on site
- collision with military (joint task force) or police can lead to the illegal refinery being completely destroyed in a show of power
- Shell don't clean up spillages - people of Nigeria drive to corruption
141
Who are the people in Nigeria being blamed for the illegal oil refineries?
- local communities routinely blamed for illegal oil theft
- however local communities argue against them as machinery needed to illegal extract oil and for oil refineries is incredibly expensive and none of them can afford it
142
What are the negative economic impacts caused by oil extraction by Shell in Nigeria and how is Shell responding to this?
- bunkering: stealing crude oil —> leads to environmental damage
- theft of oil and sabotage is on industrial scale by highly organised criminal gangs who use trans to carry oil off and bribe the military (joint as force) - this reduces production levels and costs billions of dollars each years
- Shell responds to bunkering by removing caps on pipelines so oil can't be as easily extracted
- Shell has reduced the tax paid in Nigeria by registering in countries such as Bermuda
- most crude oil exported to be refined in USA and Europe so most of profits don't go to Nigeria
143
What are the negative social impacts caused by oil extraction by Shell in Nigeria?
have been human rights abuses, including murder and torture, committed against the Goni people in the Niger Delta
144
What are Shell doing to combat environmental impact of flaring?
SPDC + partners invested US$3bn to capture oil and reduce flaring - have reduced flaring by 30%
145
Advantages of TNC’s in Nigeria:
- companies provide employment and the development of new skills - boosts economy, multiplier effect
- more money is spent in the economy
- investment by TNC’s in local infrastructure and education
- other local companies benefit from increased orders
- valuable export revenues are earned
146
Disadvantages of TNC’s in Nigeria:
- take advantage of cheap labour - local workers sometimes poorly paid/have low wages
- poor working conditions
- economic leakage - money generated doesn't always stay in Nigeria and goes abroad back to HQ which means Nigeria doesn't benefit
- gov spends money (grants and subsidies) on attracting TNC’s to country but that money could be invested in improving lives of local people in Nigeria and investing in the Nigerian industry
- industrial waste by TNC’s leading to environmental damage as TNC’s thing advantage of lax environmental laws
- management jobs often goes to foreign employees brought in by the TNC
147
Why does Nigeria receive International aid?
- despite rapid economic growth and wealth from oil reserves, many people in Nigeria are poor
- this is true in the slum areas of large cities like Lagos and in most rural realms where they have limited access tor services such as safe water, sanitation and a reliable electricity supplies
148
How many people live on less than US$1 a day in Nigeria (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
Over 82mn people (60%+ or population) live on less than US$1 (£0.63) a day
149
What are birth rates, infant mortality rates and life expectancies like in Nigeria (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
-
- birth rates and infant mortality rates are high
- life expectancy is low, particularly in north east of country
150
How are women in Nigeria treated and what % of girls in Northern Nigeria go to primary school and how many go to secondary school (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
- girls + women often excluded from opportunities
- only approx. 57% in northern Nigeria attend primary school
- less than 25% of girls go to secondary school
151
What attacks/violence did/does Nigeria face (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
- terrorism occurs in the North of Nigeria with Boko Haram making repeated attacks in 2012
- outbreak of violence and protests in the Niger Delta about access to oil wealth for the local people
152
What % of the world’s children out of school ons Nigeria have (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
has 1.5% of world’s children out of school
153
What % of the world’s child and maternal deaths does Nigeria have (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
- 10% of world’s child and maternal deaths
154
How does the industry in Nigeria make it need International aid (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
- agriculture in main job for money but is unproductive as Nigeria has to import processed food which is more expensive
155
Why is International aid needed in Nigeria to help businesses (why does Nigeria receive International aid?)?
- businesses lack access to regular electricity supply
- lack of financial services limits people’s ability to start a business
156
What % of aid given to African countries does Nigeria receive?
approx. 6% of aid given to African countries is received by Nigeria
157
What % of Nigeria’s GNI did aid present itself as in 2019 and where did most of it come from?
- in 2019 aid represented 0.8% of Nigeria’s GNI - a total of nearly US$1,550mn
- most âme from individual countries e.g. UK and USA and some from International organisations like World Bank
- charities and NGOs also supported projects in Nigeria
158
What are the most successful aid projects in Nigeria?
- community-based projects, supported by small charities and NGOs
- these often deliver aid directly to where it is needed
- aid is all used for the project and no money is wasted
159
How does aid from the USA benefit Nigeria?
- aid from the USA helps to educate and protect people against the spread of HIV/AIDs
- the USAID-funded Community Care un Nigeria projects provides support packages for orphans and vulnerable children
160
How has aid from the UK benefitted Nigeria?
- the UK’s Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office has funded a health and HIV programme, providing health education in rural areas
161
How does aid from the NGO Nets for Life benefit Nigeria?
- the NGO Nets for Life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets to many households
- inexpensive and can reduce spread of malaria
- this would reduce pressure on medical facilities
- this would reduce deaths from malaria and therefore increase life expectancy
162
How does aid from the IMF benefit Nigeria?
- in 2020 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved US$3.4bn in emergency id to Nigeria to help the country cope with severe economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic and the sharp fall in oil prices
163
How does aid from the World Bank benefit Nigeria?
- in 2014, the World Bank approved US$500mn to fund development projects and provide long-term loans to businesses
- this helps reduce the over-dependence on oil exports
164
What prevents aid from being used effectively in Nigeria?
- official aid delivered to Nigeria has been less successful than aid delivered directly to communities, due to:
- corruption in the gov and by individuals major factor in loss of aid
- gov may divert money to be used for other purposes e.g. there are claims that aid may have been used to build up Nigeria’s navy
- donors may have political influence over what happens to aid
- money may be used to promote the commercial self-interest of the donor
165
How many children in Nigeria die before their fifth birthday?
1 in 8
166
Why is there a higher child death rate in rural areas in Nigeria?
- in remote rural areas families might not have access to local health care, and have to travel long distances
- child may die before receiving medical help
167
What was set up in Nigeria to improve child health?
community development committee set up by Christian Aid’s Partnership for Improved Health in 2017 in state of Benue to target life-threatening diseases among very young children
168
How did the community development committee set up by Christian Aid’s Partnership for Better Health 2017 help improve the health of people in rural areas?
- health care borough to people rather than forcing families to travel
- 1,000 local people trained to provide treatment in people’s homes
- 2017-2019 360,000 children under 5 received life-saving treatment - 210,000 for malaria, 60,000 for pneumonia and 51,000 for diarrhoea
- Christian Aid encouraged establishment of medical insurance schemes at a state and national level
169
How many registered industrial plant and illegal small-scale industries does Nigeria have?
- approx. 5,000 registered industrial plants
- 10,000 illegal small-scale industries (informal economy)
170
What % of Nigeria’s forest have been destroyed through industrial growth?
171
What effect on Nigeria’s land does industrial growth have?
desertification major problem in Nigeria - made worse by large-scale dam and irrigation schemes
172
How are water ecosystems negatively impacted by industrial growth in Nigeria?
- some industries dispose of chemical waste on land which can pollute groundwater - toxic waste from Western Europe is dumped in the Gulf of Guinea
- in Kano, Kaduna and Lagos, many harmful pollutants go directly into open drains and water channels - they are harmful to people and damage ecosystems downstream
173
What % of Nigeria’s population did the World Bank say was exposed to levels of air pollution that exceeded the WHO guidelines and what did this cause?
- the World Bank reported that 94% of Nigeria’s population is exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO guidelines
- air pollution causes respiratory and heart problems and is estimated to cost 1% of Nigeria’s GNI
174
Solutions for industrial growth in Nigeria:
- stricter laws reduce amount of illegal industries
- petroleum industry Bill will put an end to the continued devastation it causes to the environment (in the process of exploring and exploiting crude oil)
175
What has happened to urban areas as Nigeria has grown?
urban areas have grown rapidly
176
What challenges has a high rate of urbanisation in Nigeria caused?
- squatter settlements common in most towns, often densely populated with poor services
- traffic congestion is major problem in Nigerian city such as Lagos leading to congestion and high levels of air pollution
177
How much waste does the Olusosun landfill in Nigeria receive a day and per yr?
- waste disposal major problem
- 40Ha Olusosun landfill in Lagos is largest in Africa and one of largest in world
- site receives up to 10,000 tonnes of rubbish every day and 2.1mn tonnes per yr
- electronic waste is imported by container ship from abroad
178
How has the development of Abuja affected rural areas?
- some greenbelts and recreational areas converted into building sites
- development of Abuja resulted in areas of natural vegetation replaced by concrete
- extensive burning damaged trees and wildlife species, and reduced biodiversity
179
Solutions for urban growth in Nigeria:
- introduce population and migration laws
- provide affordable, permanent housing
- introduce stricter waste management (laws to clean urban areas)
180
What is commercial farming and deforestation?
- when forest has been cleared for logging, timber export, subsistence agriculture and notably the collection of wood for fuel which remains problematic in West Africa
181
What impacts does commercial farming and deforestation have on the environment in Nigeria?
- commercial farming and inappropriate practices led to land degradation
- water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion and silting of river channels
182
How has the building and settlements of roads impacted the environment in Nigeria?
- building of settlements and roads destroyed habitats and added to CO2 emissions
183
How many species of plants and what animals have disappeared from areas where deforestation has taken place in Nigeria?
- many species have disappeared in these areas because of deforestation, inc. cheetahs, giraffes and monkeys
- 500 species of plants disappeared from these areas
184
What is the annual rate of deforestation in Nigeria?
- approx. 3.5% (350,000 - 400,000 Ha per yr)
185
Solutions for commercial farming and deforestation in Nigeria:
- support local farmers
- introduce laws tor extract number of trees cut down
186
What is mining and oil extraction?
the mining and extraction of raw materials and precious materials
187
What environmental impacts does mining and oil extraction have in Nigeria?
- the mining and extraction of raw materials and precious materials, particularly oil, can lead to serious pollution - these can damage ecosystems and affect people’s jobs
- tin mining has led to soil erosion and local water supplies have been polluted with toxic chemicals
- many oil spills in the Niger Delta have had disastrous impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems
- oil spills ca cause fires, sending CO2, and other harmful gases into the atmosphere contributing to global warming
- cause acid rain which harms plants and aquatic ecosystems
188
What social impacts does mining and oil extraction have in Nigeria?
- some economic developments in the Niger Delta have caused violent conflicts with people
- the mining and extraction of raw materials and precious materials, particularly oil, can lead to serious pollution - these can damage ecosystems and affect people’s jobs
- tin mining has led to soil erosion and local water supplies have been polluted with toxic chemicals
189
Solution for mining and mineral extraction in Nigeria:
- appeal against oil giants e.g. Shell
- stricter laws reduce amount of illegal industries
- petroleum industry Bill will put an end to the continued devastation it causes to the environment (in the process of exploring and exploiting crude oil)
190
What is Bodo?
- small community in Rivers State in Niger Delta
191
How did Shell respond to the protests about the Bodo oil spills in 2008/09?
- in 2015, after 7yrs of protests and hard fought court battles Shell agreed to pay £55mn in compensation to individuals and communities in Bodo for the oil spills
- compensation was spent investing in local healthcare, schools and temporary homes - largest pay out by an oil company to a community in history
192
What was the cause of the 2 oil spills in Bodo in 2008?
caused as a result of equipment failure of SPDC’s (The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited) old and poorly maintained pipelines
193
What has Shell claimed are the main causes of oil pollution?
- theft of crude oil
- sabotage
- illegal refineries
- oil pollution actually due to equipment failure of SPDC’s (The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited) old and poorly maintained pipelines
194
How has corruption impacted the operation of Shell (how many barrels of oil are they losing and how much money does this cause them to lose)?
- Shell losing 400,000 barrels of oil a day due to theft
- this costs gov US$20bn per yr
195
Environmental impacts of 2008/09 Bodo oil spills:
- damage in Delta region which is very important wetland and coastal ecosystems, most people depend on the natural environment for their livelihood, either through farming or fishing
- oil spills leaking pipelines destroy farmland so crop scant grow
- oil heated by Sun become highly flammable and can burn out of control
- oil pollution which occurs offshore from tanker, kills fish in Sea - Periwinkle snails now 5x smaller than before Bodo oil spills
- 10s of thousands of barrels of crude oil spilt into mangroves, farmlands and swamps destroying the landscape
196
Economic impacts of 2008/09 Bodo oil spills:
destroyed local farms from oil spills caused collapse of local fishing and livestock industry
197
Social impacts of 2008/09 Bodo oil spills:
- damage in Delta region which is very important wetland and coastal ecosystems, most people depend on the natural environment for their livelihood, either through farming or fishing
- disrupted lives of approx. 69,000 people in Bodo
- in first few weeks and months people in Bodo seriously worried about food shortages
- gas flares used to burn off gas from oil affected people’s health + contributed to global warming
198
Political impacts of 2008/09 Bodo oil spills:
- in order to keep some control over oil industry the Nigerian gov set up Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) to form joint ventures with TNCs - ensures part of profit of oils tays in Nigeria
- in 2015, after 7yrs of protests and hard fought court battles Shell agreed to pay £55mn in compensation to individuals and communities in Bodo for the oil spills
- compensation was spent investing in local healthcare, schools and temporary homes - largest pay out by an oil company to a community in history
199
How are economic development and QoL related?
- as country’s economy develops vast majority of population usually see’s some benefits
200
What are the benefits of economic development on QoL?
- reliable, better-paid jobs in manufacturing industries or services (e.g. health-care and education)
- higher disposable income to spend ons schooling, home improvements, food, clothes, recreation and transport e.g. a motorcycle
- reliable electricity supplies providing lighting and heating - easier to go out at night, and for children to do hw
- better-quality healthcare, with more doctors and better equipped hospitals
- improvements to infrastructure such as roads
- improved access to a better diet means higher productivity at work and in school
- better access to safe water and sanitation
- better paid jobs in manufacturing industry
201
How did the QoL in Nigeria change from 200 to 2011 and what is its current HDI?
- 2000 - Nigeria placed amongst “least developed nations” in terms of wealth + education
- 2011 - Nigeria had one of highest average HDI improvements
- HDI of 0.539
202
What % of the Nigeria’s population were living below the poverty line in 2019?
- despite its improvements in HDI approx. 40% of the country's populations (80mn+ people) were living below the poverty line earning less that US$400 per yr
203
What % of Nigeria’s population live in poverty?
60%
204
What is the unemployment rate in Nigeria?
19%
205
What is the unemployment of youth rate in Nigeria?
33%
206
What happened to agriculture in Nigeria
- agriculture down due to recession in 2016
207
What % of Nigerians deported from Libya attempt to go back to Libya?
45% of Nigerians deported from Libya attempt to go back to Libya
208
Why may people want to immigrate out of Nigeria?
- revenue from oil not used effectively
- technological improvements meant oil developments outside of Nigeria meaning Nigeria is not needed to export oil
- political corruptness
- move towards renewable E
209
What will need to happen politically in Nigeria for QoL to continue improving?
- need for a continuing stable gov to encourage inward investment
210
What environmental challenges will Nigeria need to overcome for QoL to continue improving?
- pollution of Niger Delta oil spills devastated lives of local Ogoni people
- pests lie the tsetse fly restrict commercial livestock farming
- parts of the far north are under threat from desertification
211
What social challenges will Nigeria need to overcome for QoL to continue improving?
- historical district remains between several tribal groups, lie the Yoruba and Igbo
- religious divide between predominantly Christian south and the Muslim north
- recent kidnappings by militant group Bodo Haram spread fear among Nigerians and potential investors
212
LE in UK:
80 yrs
213
Births attended by skilled staff in UK:
100%
214
Death rate in UK:
9.4 deaths/1,000 population
215
% of population with access to sanitation facilities in UK:
84%
216
% of population with access to safe water in UK:
98.82%
217
Secondary school attendance in UK:
99%
218
Number of phone subscriptions per 100 in UK:
117
219
% of population who are internet users in UK:
94.8%
220
LE in Nigeria:
55yrs
221
Births attended by skilled staff in Nigeria:
38%
222
Death rate in Nigeria:
11.57 deaths/1,000 population
223
% of population with access to sanitation facilities in Nigeria:
33%
224
% of population with access to safe water in Nigeria:
22%
225
Secondary school attendance in Nigeria:
54%
226
Number of phone subscriptions per 100 in Nigeria:
99
227
% of population who are internet users in Nigeria:
35.5%
