3.2.1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges - Urbanisation Flashcards
HIC:
a country with Gross National Income (GNI) higher than $12,746 e.g. Japan, UK, USA
LIC:
a country with a Gross National Income (GNI) lower than $1045 e.g. Affrican Nations such as Chad, Tanzania, Mali
NEE:
countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually along with rapid industrialisation e.g the BRICS
BRICS:
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
MINT countries:
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
GNI (Gross National Income):
a measurement of economic activity - the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from, and paid to, other countries
What are the top 5 cities with the highest population and in order?
- Tokyo
- New Delhi
- Shanghai
- Sau Paulo
- Mexico City
What is the population of Tokyo?
37.5 mill
What is the population of New Delhi?
28.5 mil
What is the population of Shanghai?
26 mil
What is the population of Sau Paulo?
22.8 mil
What is the population of Mexico City?
22 mil
Urbanisation:
an increase in the proportion of people living in an urban area
What are some benefits of urbanisation?
- social immunity
- better living conditions
- allows people to specialise in certain fields
- cities generate 80% of the worlds GDP
- diversity
- finance
- more services
- infrastructure development
What % of the world’s GDP do cities generate?
80%
How much money does Europe need to spend in the next 15 yrs to develop infrastructure and therefore increase the rate of population growth?
Europe needs to spend $600 bill in infrastructure in next 15 yrs, collaboration between private and public sector to develop infrastructure, increasing rate of population growth
Describe the growth of the world’s population from 1500 - 2000?
exponential growth
How had the world’s population changed by 1804?
by 1804 global population had doubled from half a billion to one billion in 300 yrs
How had the world’s population changed by 1999 in 39yrs?
by 1999 the total population had doubled from 3 billion to 6 billion in just 39yrs
Where will the largest growth in urban population take place in by 2050?
largest growth in urban population by 2050 will take place in India, China, and Nigeria
What % of of projected growth of global urban population by 2014 - 2050 takes place in India, China and Nigeria?
37%
By 2050 from 2014 by how much will China’s population increased?
+392 mil
By 2050 from 2014 by how much will India’s population have increased?
+404 mil
By 2050 from 2014 by how much will Nigeria’s population increased?
+212 mil
What % of people live in cities in most of the world’s countries?
60%
What % of people live in cities in countries in S and SE Asia?
in south and south east Asia around half the population live in towns and cities
Which countries in Africa have urban populations higher than 20% and what is the urban population %?
Nigeria, Uganda, Brundi, Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Malawi — average is almost 40% in urban areas
What are the factors affecting the rate of urbanisation?
- Migration
- Location
- Natural Increase
- International Development
How does migration affect the rate of urbanisation?
- rural-urban migration is the main driver of urbanisation
- most of these migrants are young
- they migrate from the countryside to cities because of pull factors, like jobs and a better education
How does location affect the rate of urbanisation?
- historically, cities have grown on rivers or coasts and other busy transport routes where trade can thrive
- even today, many of the world’s megacities are ports which are a good location for trade
How does natural increase affect the rate of urbanisation?
- when the birth rate is greater than the death rate
- the young population in many cities leads to a high rate of natural increase
- cities also tend to have better health rate than rural areas so death rates are lower and life expectancy is higher
How does economic development affect the rate of urbanisation?
- cities that trade are also good places for businesses to develop
- this attracts ppl as jobs are created
What are economic push factors to Urbana areas from rural areas?
farming is hard and poorly paid
What are economic pull factors to urban areas from rural areas?
- more well paid jobs
- allows people to specialise in certain fields
- cities generate 80% of the worlds GDP
What are social push factors to urban areas from rural areas?
- schools provide only a very basic education
- there are few doctors or hospitals
- rural areas are isolated due to poor roads - not good transport links
- poor harvest may lead to malnutrition or famine
- less access to facilities
What are social pull factors to urban areas from rural areas?
- they have friends and family already living there
- a higher standard of living is possible
- there are better medical facilities
- public transport is better
- better chance of getting an education
- a range of entertainments are available
What are environmental push factors to urban areas from rural areas?
- drought and other climate hazards can reduce crop yields
- desertification and soil erosion making farming difficult
