3.2.1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges - Mumbai Case Study Flashcards
Where is Mumbai located?
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, South Asia
- Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the Western Coast of India
- located on the coast of the Arabian Sea
How many km of coastline does Mumbai have and what does this make easier?
- Mumbaihas over 150km of coastline
- Transporting goods from the West is made easier because of this
What is the first major city that Western ships meet in India?
Mumbai
What is India’s largest city?
Mumbai
What is the richest state in India?
Maharashtra
Until the 1980s what did Mumbai owe its historical wealth to?
Until 1980s, Mumbai owed wealth to historical colonial past, textile mills and the seaport
How has the local economy of Mumbai diversified since the 1980s?
Local economy since diversified - specialised technical industries with modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources. Industries include aerospace, optical engineering, medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, shipbuilding and salvaging, and renewable energy
What is the wealthiest city in India?
Mumbai
What is Mumbai the capital of and what is it home to?
Financial capital of India, home to the Mumbai Stock Exchange
How big is Mumbai’s deep water port and what does this mean?
India’s 2nd biggest port – large container ships can access the 10km long waterfront, allowing huge port development with manufacturing industries nearby
How much of factory employment in India does Mumbai contribute to?
10%
What % of India’s foreign trade takes place in Mumbai?
40%
How are most Indian cities connected with and what does this make possible?
Most Indian cities can be connected within a 2hour flight time - possible to travel on business to any Indian cities and back in one day
What industry is Mumbai the centre of?
- Centre of Hindi Bollywood film industry and other media industries employs huge numbers of people
- Produces the largest number of films per year in the world
- HQ for most of India’s major TV and satellite networks and major publishing houses
In 2012 what was Mumbai graded as and why?
2012 was graded an ‘Alpha’ world city due its economic and commercial importance
In 2022 what was Mumbai?
2022 the 8th largest city in the world by population
How is Mumbai’s port of International Importance?
- Location on west coast makes it closer to Europe via the Suez Canal
- Shipping times to Europe are 5 days shorter than from Kolkata on the east coast
How long does it take to travel to the UK from Mumbai’s airport?
9hrs to UK
How many passengers did Mumbai’s International airport handle in 2014?
32 million passengers in 2014 (about half of London’s Heathrow)
What TNC’s are found in Mumbai?
- Many (including the State Bank of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance) are headquartered in Mumbai
- Other state and government services are headquartered here
Describe the range in property found in Mumbai:
- in Mumbai is becoming some of the most expensive in the world
- however, many of the residents of Mumbai live in the illegal squatter settlement of Dharavi (known as a ‘bustee’)
What % of all of India’s sea trade does Mumbai handle?
60%
How many people commute to Mumbai every day for work?
3 mil +
What % of income does Mumbai contribute to the whole state of Maharashtra?
40%
What % of income tax does Mumbai contribute to nationally?
33%
What % of customs duty trade does Mumbai contribute to nationally?
60%
Why was Mumbai seen as the most globalised city SE Asia had in 2014?
Because it had:
- the largest no. of transnational corporation (TNC) headquarters
- large number of international companies, including: Bank of America/Citigroup, GlaxoSmithKline, Volkswagen, Walt Disney
- the main Indian stock market
- the largest amount of foreign investment
- the busiest port and airport in India
What is Mumbai seen as a hub for?
for smaller businesses, including design, fashion, jewellery and tourism
How is Mumbai a transport hub?
it is a transport hub with transport links to all of the major industrial cities in India and air transport links to many world cities
What is the population of the Dharavi slum in Mumbai?
800,000 inhabitants
How many workshops are there in the Dharavi slum?
15,000 small workshops
What are some pull factors to Mumbai?
- better employment, higher income
- education opportunities
- diverse services
- better housing
What are some push factors away from Mumbai?
- more than half of Mumbai’s population lives in slums between the cracks of the city
- very smelly with open sewers
- very crowded, noisy, and cramped
What are some push factors away from rural India?
- poverty
- inequitable land distribution
- environmental degradation, high vulnerability to natural disasters
- violent conflicts
What % of migrants to Mumbai come from Maharashtra state?
38% of migrants to Mumbai come from Maharashtra state together with many others from other poor regions
What changes has farming undergone in India?
Increased use of machinery has forced people out of work, and changes to farming have forced people with small farms to sell up to larger land owners
What are small scale farmers vulnerable to?
Small scale farmers are also vulnerable to bad harvests and poor weather as they are totally dependent on their crops
What is the population of Mumbai?
20,961,472
Describe the population growth of Mumbai:
1-2% per yr
What is the area of Mumbai?
603.4km2
What is the average earnings in Mumbai?
Rs 4.4 lakh per anum
What is the GDP of Mumbai?
- US $310 billion
- US $23,000 per capita
What is the life expectancy in Mumbai for men and women?
- 52.6 (M)
- 58.1 (F)
What is the main religion in Mumbai?
Hinduism
How has Mumbai grown?
- In 1950s concentrated around city centre and port district, now spread north and east.
- Rapid growth over last 50 years – population and land area
Why has Mumbai grown?
- “Gateway to India” port used by Europeans for importing and exporting goods so surrounding area became industrialised as a result
- Focus of land air rail and roads acts as a transport hub
- Variety of services grew around the port and this led to Mumbai growing
- Mumbai to become a major source of finance as banking, finance and insurance were associated with the port business
How many people arrive to India every minute?
1 person arrives every minute
What % of migrants to Mumbai are from Maharashtra?
70% of all migrants are from Maharashtra State
What is the average age of migrants coming to Mumbai?
Average age of migrants coming to Mumbai is 20-21 years
What % of migrants coming to Mumbai are male?
64% are male
What are the economic opportunities in Mumbai?
- Transport Infrastructure
- Employment Rates
- Relaxed Environmental Laws
- Job Opportunities in Dharavi
- Recycling in Dharavi
How many airports does Mumbai have?
2 airports
How many passengers did Mumbai International Airport handle in 2016?
44 million passengers - domestic and international
What is the airport in Mumbai’s current capacity?
The airport’s current capacity is around 55 million passengers but with airside constraints related to runway throughput and apron infrastructure, the airport cannot handle more than 48 million passengers
Describe the employment rates and the reasons for them in Mumbai:
- Those with the best qualifications and highest skills are without a job
- Companies are wanting to take advantage of the skilled workers
- Lower unemployment rates for lower skilled workers - Mumbai provides more jobs where high skills aren’t necessary e.g. factory jobs
How are relaxed environmental laws an economic opportunity in Mumbai?
- companies can dispose of their waste without getting fined
- cheap labour
- India softened its single use plastic ban due to lobbying of companies as companies like Coca-Cola threatened to no longer stay in Mumbai meaning a huge number of jobs would be lost
What do the urban poor provide in Mumbai?
Urban poor provide a massive labour force who carry out essential jobs that keep the cities running either in the formal or informal sector
Where does Dharavi export goods and what is the total turnover estimated to be?
Dharavi exports goods around the world - the total turnover is estimated to be between $600 million US per year
How many people do the 15,000 single-room factors in Dharavi employ?
Estimated 15,000 single-room factories employing 250,000 people
What do the single-room factories found in Dharavi include?
traditional pottery, textile industries, soap making, bakeries, butchers, large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of Mumbai
What are the conditions of work in Dharavi?
Many of the products from Dharavi end up around the world based upon very cheap labour. Many of the people work in very poor working conditions, and includes children
How many metal cages does a private enterprise in Dharavi make per day and how much does it charger per pieces?
One private enterprise makes the metal cages inside suitcases, making 700 pieces per day, paid 3 rupees per piece
What % of people that have a job in the slum work locally and what have some of them been able to become and provide examples of these jobs?
- 85% of people have a job in the slum and work LOCALLY, and some have even managed to become millionaires
- Some of these jobs include, packaging items for Umbro, working in a bakery and making the handles for suitcases
How is recycling in Dharavi an economic opportunity?
- Dharavi has a recycling zone
- it is claimed that Dharavi’s recycling zone could be the way forward to a sustainable future
- some people have managed to become millionaires
What % of plastic waste gets recycled in the UK and in Mumbai?
- everything is recycled from cosmetics and plastics to computer keyboards
- 23% of plastic waste gets recycled in the UK, in Mumbai it is 80%
What are the economic challenges in Mumbai?
- wages in Mumbai
- informal economy
- recycling in Dharavi
What is the annual minimum wage in India compared to Malaysia?
- Annual Minimum Wage in India: US$689
- Annual Minimum Wage in Malaysia: US$ 3,107
Informal economy:
- This type of employment comprises work done without the official knowledge of the government and therefore without paying taxes
- It is common in many low-income countries
- The informal economy is a sector that is unmonitored by the government
What are workers in the informal economy in Mumbai usually like?
Workers in the informal economy are usually those with low skills and do not declare their work to the government
How big is the informal economy in Mumbai?
difficult to understand how big the informal economy is
What does it mean if workers don’t declare their earnings?
- if workers are not declaring their earnings, they are not paying tax
- if workers are not paying tax they are not contributing to the economy and improving the society
- tax evasion is a criminal offence
What % of people are employed in the informal economy in Mumbai and what are they working as?
Over 60% of people are employed in the informal sector in Mumbai working as street vendors, car cleaners, shoe cleaners or in waste recycling
Who sifts through rubbish in Dharavi?
children and women sift through the rubbish for valuable waste
What are the challenges of recycling in Dharavi?
- workers have to work under the hot sun in appalling conditions
- they earn around a £1 a day for their work.
- people work in dangerous conditions with toxic substances without protective clothing; this could affect people’s life expectancy
- even dangerous hospital waste is recycled
- work in poor conditions
What are the social opportunities and challenges in Dharavi?
- Education
- Housing
- Healthcare
What education opportunities are found in Mumbai?
NGOs are helping to educate children
the drop out rate may be higher in rural areas where farming is the main source of income because parents may not be able to afford school for their kids and may require more labour
What have a group of 15 volunteers done in just 1yr in Mumbai to help create more education opportunities for children?
in just 1yr a group of 15 volunteers transformed a public park in Mumbai into a makeshift school, where approx. 250 children from local slums and neighbourhoods go to enhance their learning
How are authorities responding to the rising demand of housing in Mumbai?
by creating affordable housing e.g. costing $31,500 per apartment when GDP per capita is $2,445
How do authorities make sure everyone is catered for?
by providing a range of housing prices
Where is the most expensive house in the world found and how much does it cost?
$1 bill Antilla in Mumbai designed by Chicago based architects Perkins and Will
What is found in poorer areas of Mumbai?
Strong sense of community in poorer areas
What is the literacy rate in Mumbai?
90%
What healthcare opportunities are there in Mumbai?
- there is a large no. of healthcare facilities in Mumbai
- those who cannot afford healthcare are assisted by: maternal and newborn health & child health and nutrition
How many pregnant woman did maternal and newborn healthcare in Mumbai reach out to and how did they reach out to them?
reached out to approx. 4500 pregnant women through home visits, providing periodic counselling during pregnancy and after childbirth
How many public healthcare providers were trained on clinical aspects of neonatal care and effective communication by Mumbai healthcare (maternal and newborn health)?
trained 3000+ public healthcare providers on clinical aspects of neonatal care and effective communication
How many children under 3yrs were screened for malnutrition in Dharavi by Mumbai healthcare (child health and nutrition)?
screened approx. 24,000 children under 3yrs for malnutrition in Dharavi
How many children under 3yrs were screened for malnutrition in Dharavi by Mumbai healthcare (child health and nutrition)?
screened approx. 24,000 children under 3yrs for malnutrition in Dharavi
What is an education challenge in Mumbai?
the population pyramid has a very wide base meaning the population is quite youthful - may mean there aren’t enough schools for the total number of students meaning there will be a lower quality of education and meaning some children may miss out on an education altogether
What is the biggest barrier to children not attending school in Mumbai?
the biggest barrier to children not attending school is forced child labour - forced to work as bonded labourers in inhumane conditions
How many kids were found working in bonded labour in New Delhi and how many were under the age of 14 and where were they all from?
bonded labour: 93 kids working in smokey cramped jewellery units in New Delhi, 57 under age of 14, all from West Bengal
What are some housing challenges in Mumbai?
- those with limited funds might not be able to manage to buy property so might have to go to the streets or the slums
- the increase in no. of homeless people is because of the gov’s plan for 11 lakh affordable homes in the metropolitan region which failed to take off
- the living conditions in slums feel extremely cramped and dirty, open sewage, low quality of accommodation
What % of children reach the streets in Mumbai because they came with their family?
43.7% of children reached the streets because they came with their family
What % of Mumbai’s population lives in slums?
- 65% of Mumbai’s 12 million people live in slums
- 2/3 of Mumbai’s population live in slums
What are the living conditions in Dharavi slum in Mumbai like?
the living conditions in slums feel extremely cramped and dirty, open sewage, low quality of accommodation
What does Mumbai have the best of in India?
best healthcare system in India - most services
What are some healthcare challenges found in Mumbai?
- the population pyramid has a wide base indicating a high brith rate
- this could make it harder for healthcare services to keep up with an increasing population causing some people not to be treated at all and there to be long waiting lists
cramped living conditions could cause diseases to spread faster and not enough enough necessities (e.g. food and water) in close reach may cause people to become unwell and get diseases
What re some healthcare challenges found in Mumbai?
- The population pyramid has a wide base indicating a high brith rate. This could make it harder for healthcare services to keep up with an increasing population causing some people not to be treated at all and there to be long waiting lists.
- cramped living conditions could cause diseases to spread faster and not enough enough necessities (E.g. food and water) in close reach may cause people to become unwell and get diseases
What are the environmental challenges in Mumbai?
- Waste (sanitary and plastic)
- Air pollution
- Water pollution and flooding
- Traffic congestion
What parts of Mumbai have private water supplies?
Only better-off suburbs have private water supplies
What parts of Mumbai have private water supplies?
Only better-off suburbs have private water supplies
What % of Mumbai uses communal taps?
60% of Mumbai’s population uses communal taps
What % of Mumbai uses communal taps?
60% of Mumbai’s population uses communal taps
In some slums in Mumbai how long does water run for per day?
In some slums, water only runs for 30 minutes day
What has rapid urbanisation caused in Mumbai?
- rapid urbanisation has also caused uncontrolled water pollution - factories use the Mithi River to dump untreated waste
What % of people live in unclean conditions? and provide a reason for this:
- the Dharavi slum is very dirty as 95% of people live in unclean conditions
- one reason for this is that Dharavi is built around a water pipe, which has been built on top of an old rubbish tip
- cracks in the water pipe mean that sewage and animal waste can leak into the water supply
How many people share a single toilet in Mumbai?
How many people share a single toilet in Mumbai?
How many people share a single toilet in Mumbai?
100s of people share a single toilet
1 in how many people are forced to use the street as a toilet in Mumbai?
1 in 20 people forced to use street as toilet
What causes the high rates of air pollution in Mumbai?
- exhaust gases from vehicles, and smoke from burning rubbish and factory chimneys, pollute the air
- as Indian economy grows, more and more electricity is needed - most of which is generated by burning fossil fuels like coal
- as a result, large amounts of GHGs including CO2, as being released into the air
- burning rubbish + vehicle exhaust + factory chimneys + fuel burnt to provide electricity = lots of GHG emissions
How does air pollution in Mumbai affect its residents?
Mumbai’s residents especially those who live in squatter settlements like Dharavi suffer from very high rates of breathing problems - illnesses like bronchitis are common
What was the air quality of London in 2018 and in Mumbai?
- The Air Quality of London in 2018 was classified as 50
- The Air Quality of Mumbai in 2018 was classified as 180
What caused water pollution in Mumbai?
- rapid urbanisation in poorer parts of the world has created big problems for the environment there
- e.g. getting rid of waste (of all kinds) has led to serious pollution in the Mithi River which flows through Mumbai
What are the sources of pollution of the Mithi River in Mumbai?
- rapid urbanisation in poorer parts of the world has created big problems for the environment there
- e.g. getting rid of waste (of all kinds) has led to serious pollution in the Mithi River which flows through Mumbai- big industries in Mumbai dump their untreated industrial waste straight into the river
- the airport uses it to dump untreated oil
How many L of untreated sewage go straight into the Mithi River every ay?
800 mil L of untreated sewage go straight into the river every day
What causes the Mithi River in Mumbai to flood?
- the solid waste dumped in the Mithi River (the metals and plastics) clogs it up and block the drains
- plants then grow on some of this waste, which helps to increase the risk of flooding
In July 2005 how much rain that fell in 24hrs caused the Mithi River in Mumbai to flood?
1m of rain fell
How much of Mumbai was flooded in the Mithi River flood in July 2005?
Nearly 1/4 of Mumbai was flooded
What was closed and for how long due to the Mithi River flood in Mumbai in July 2005?
- roads and railway lines were under water for more than 24 hrs
- the airport was closed and many areas had no electricity for several days
What did people have to do due to the Mithi River flooding in July 2005 in Mumbai?
People had to wade through water that was sometimes neck deep
How many people died when the Mithi River flooded in July 2005 in Mumbai?
406 people died
How much money was the city cost when the Mithi River flooded in July 2005 in Mumbai?
cost the city US $100 million
What has caused the traffic congestion in Mumbai?
- Rapid population growth has put massive strain on the cities transport infrastructure
- There is frequent congestion and trains carry more passengers per km than any other railway on Earth
How many km of suburban railway links to Mumbai to its suburbs on the mainland?
465 km of suburban railway links central Mumbai to its suburbs on the mainland
How many railway crossings are there onto the island and what does this create and for how many people?
However, there are only 4 rail crossings onto the island and this creates congestion for Mumbai’s daily 7.5 million commuters
How does traffic congestion cause deaths in Mumbai?
Most deaths are caused by passengers crossing tracks, sitting on train roofs and being electrocuted by overhead cables, or hanging from doors and windows
How many vehicles are added to the roads of Mumbai everyday?
300-350 vehicles get added to the roads everyday
How many people does the recycling industry in Mumbai employ?
10,000 people
What do children collect when recycling in Mumbai?
plastic, glass, cardboard, batteries, computer parts and soap
How much money do the 15,000 single-room factories contribute to Mumbai’s economy each year?
£700 mil
What does the slum sanitation project in Mumbai aim to do?
aims to improve sanitation facilities for up to a mil slum dwellers across a city
How many community toilet blocks has the slum sanitation program built in Mumbai and how many individual toilets do these house?
300 community toilet blocks have been built, housing 5100+ individual toilets with separate facilities for men and women
How do some people see Dharavi?
as a model sustainable community for people on low incomes
What do people live in in Dharavi in Mumbai?
people live in low-rise self-built homes close to where they work so the population here does not require complex and expensive urban transport
What are the residents of Dharavi slum in Mumbai like?
the residents are hard-working and most people work in informal occupations
What are the residents of Dharavi like?
- the residents are hard-working and most people work in informal occupations
What is threatening recycling in Dharavi slum in Mumbai?
- A $2billion development project threatens recycling areas in Dharavi
- Dharavi is built is next to Mumbai’s money district, which makes the land perfect for development
What is the biggest source of air pollution in Mumbai?
vehicle exhausts
What aims to encourage people to use public transport more in Mumbai?
A new metro system
When did Mumbai’s new metro systems trains start running?
2011
How many lines should the new metro system have by 2021?
9 lines
How many km of Mumbai’s new metro system should be underground?
32.5 of its 146.5 km of track will be underground
What fuel has Mumbai banned in taxis?
diesel
How many Mumbai taxis use a different fuel to diesel instead as a result of the band and what fuel do they use?
Many of Mumbai’s 58,000 taxis now use compressed natural gas instead, which reduces GHG emissions
What has Mumbai’s main roads been upgraded with a and how does this reduce air pollution?
The main roads in and out of the city have been upgraded with 55 new flyovers - smoother-flowing traffic should mean less congestion and less pollution
What was set up after the 2005 flood of the Mithi River in Mumbai and what was is set up for?
the Mithi River Project was set up to try and prevent such a serious flood from happening again
What did the Mithi River Project in Mumbai do to reduce the chance of flooding?
- the river channel was dredged to make it deeper and allow it to hold more water and help the water flow faster to the sea. It was also widened and obstacles were removed - and the banks were smoothed near bends in the river
- all of this was designed to flow more easily down to the sea
What did the actions of the Mithi River Project in Mumbai not do?
- but none of these actions made the river any cleaner, so waster discharges from factories are now checked
- more public toilets have been built to reduce the amount of raw sewage being dumped into the river
What is part of Vision Mumbai and what would it mean?
- part of Vision Mumbai involves rebuilding homes in Dharavi and improving the area’s water supply, sanitation, and drains
- that should mean that less untreated sewage ends up in the river
How are Dharavi’s (slum in Mumbai) workshops a source of pollution?
many are recycling materials that would otherwise be thrown away - adding to Mumbai’s waste disposal problem
What will help to reduce the overall amount of waste production in Dharavi in Mumbai?
keeping the workshops going, but in a more environmentally friendly way, will help to reduce the overall amount of waste
What are education projects in Mumbai needed for?
Education projects are also needed to help people understand why they shouldn’t dump rubbish straight into the rive
What is a solution to traffic congestion on roads in Mumbai?
Real time adjustment of traffic flow
What has been set up to help reduce traffic congestion on road in Mumbai?
As part of the World Bank-supported Mumbai Urban Transport Project or MUTP, a modern traffic management system is being introduced that is quietly reducing congestion on city roads
How many junctions do traffic policemen monitor at a time in Mumbai and through what do they monitor the junctions with?
Traffic policemen sitting at the screen consoles monitor approx. 220 junctions at a time through more than 600 hi-tech remotely operable zoom cameras
What do the cameras monitoring junctions in Mumbai detect?
- Allows for real time adjustments of traffic signals that are synchronised to help commuters catch green lights all through and thus create an efficient traffic flow
- Trouble spots can be tackled directly from the control centre. e.g. Broken down vehicles or potential security issues
What are some solutions to traffic congestion on railway lines in Mumbai?
- encourage businesses to offer Flexi-hours instead of regular 9a.m. - 5p.m. hours
- reserve more seats on trains for elderly passengers
- improve toilet facilities
- prevent people from travelling on the roads of trains
- remove fast food kiosks and other vendors on all platforms
- increase platform length
- improve ventilation in carriages
- demolish informal housing next to railway
- fit proper doors to all trains so passengers cannot travel half-in and half-out
What are the benefits of the slum rehabilitation housing scheme in Mumbai?
- under it, the slum-dweller receives a house or apartment for free (a life-changing opportunity)
- the developer receives prime land for free which he can use to sell high-end apartments; and the Government avoids having to evict or compensate anyone
What are the limitations of the slum rehabilitation housing scheme in Mumbai?
- lack of space between SRH blocks
- people who used to cook together in open spaces in the slums werenow forced to cook individually in their homes, meaning that their fuel consumption has significantly increased
- rehabilitation housing traps high levels of particulate matter and retains this pollution for up to two and a half hours becausethe air exchange rate in these buildings is far below acceptable levels
- women complain that they no longer know their neighbours and so can’t share childcare with trusted people
- rehabilitation houses are a breeding ground for TB
- India’s energy security is based on the assumption that “the poorest in society won’t be using much fuel,”
Why do squatter settlements exist in Mumbai?
- lack of collateral assets
- lack of savings and other financial assets
- daily wage/low-income jobs
- lack of affordable housing
- rural-urban migration
What do authorities do to get rid of squatter settlements in Mumbai?
wholesale clearance to do redevelopment
What is the Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai?
a mixed area of chawls
How many inhabitants does the Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai have?
20,000 inhabitants
What are the shawls in the Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai like?
the chawls are overcrowded and old with no proper waste disposal system
What re the shawls in the Bhendi Bazaar like?
the chawls are overcrowded and old with no proper waste disposal system
How many buildings in the Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai are set to be demolished and what will they be replaced with?
an ambitious plan will demolish 250 buildings and replace them with 17 high rise tower blocks
What are the sustainable features of the new multi-storey buildings of the Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai?
- the aspect of the buildings will make the best use of natural light and ventilators in each home
- sewage treatment and water recycling to flush toilets
- CCTV will improve safety for tenants
- solar panels will be used to generate electricity
- rainwater harvesting
- air-source heat pumps will use natural heat in the atmosphere to heat water in the tower-block
- wide, tree-lined pedestrian areas
- good lighting of communal areas
When and what work started in the Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai?
work started in 2010 with some families already being temporarily moved into a new tower block in a neighbouring district
How many people in India live in squatter or slum-like settlements in India?
over 100 million people live in squatter or slum-like settlements in India
What policy did Maharashtra state trial in 1995? and was it successful?
- in 1995, the state of Maharashtra trialled a policy to move some of these people into permanent slum rehabilitation housing (SRH) as a way to clear Mumbai’s slums
- following its perceived success, the policy was adopted by the Indian Government in 2014
What policy did Maharashtra state trial in 1995? and was it successful?
- in 1995, the state of Maharashtra trialled a policy to move some of these people into permanent slum rehabilitation housing (SRH) as a way to clear Mumbai’s slums
- Following its perceived success, the policy was adopted by the Indian Government in 2014
How many of its planned SRH blocks has India built and how many homes does India intend to build by 2022?
so far, the country has built one-third of its planned SRH stock – the Government intends to create another 20 million homes by 2022
What are some of the things planned for the SRH blocks in Mumbai?
- a mixture of houses and shops to be built so people can continue to work locally
- wide roads and tree lined pavements will replace narrow alleyways
- open space for parks, green spaces, and play areas to be built
- Mosques will be retained and enhanced
- car parking and connections to public transport are planned
What are some of the things planned for the SRH blocks?
- a mixture of houses and shops to be built so people can continue to work locally
- wide roads and tree lined pavements will replace narrow alleyways
- open space for parks, green spaces, and play areas to be built
- Mosques will be retained and enhanced
- car parking and connections to public transport are planned
What are Mumbai’s housing problems?
- overcrowding
- poor sanitation
- homes that are in danger of collapse
- flooding or fires
What are the three types of housing found in Mumbai where occupants are at risk because of poor conditions?
- Chawls
- Squatter homes
- Pavement dwellers
What are shawls?
- are a type of 4-or-5-storey tenement building
- families live in a single room arranged along a corridor
- basic toilet facilities are shared by the tenants on each corridor
- many chawls were built between 1920-1956
- they are overcrowded and poorly ventilated but are affordable
What are squatter homes?
- aka slums in India
- are simple single or 2 storey buildings built without planning control
- sanitation is very poor
- residents share communal latrines
What are pavement dwellers?
- many of whom are children
- are huts which narrow the pavement
- pavement dwellers pay rent to criminals who control the pavements
- the structures are illegal and may be demolished by the authorities
What are two opinions about how Mumbai’s housing problems can be solved?
- some believe that self-help projects can help improve housing or sanitation
- others think that wholesale clearance and redevelopment are the best solution
What is the Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai?
SSP isto improve the inadequate sanitary conditions within Mumbai’s slum areas through the provision of community toilet blocks
Who does the Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai target?
- improving the health and environmental conditions of slum dwellers
- targeted around 1 million slum dwellers (approx. 20% of the total Mumbai slum population)
When was the slum sanitation program in Mumbai implemented between and how many people has it benefited?
implemented over 1996-2005 the program is estimated to have benefited 400,000 people in the slums of Mumbai
In 2003 how much money did Vision Mumbai say should be spent to improve quality of life and boost Mumbai’s economy?
in 2003 the Vision Mumbai Report suggested that US $10 billion of public money and US $30 billion of private investment should be spent to improve quality of life and boost the city’s economy
What did Vision Mumbai recommend to improve the urban slums?
- improving roads and reducing congestion on trains (social)
- clearing away slum housing and building 1.1 million low-cost homes - would reduce the % of people living in slum housing from 60% to between 10 and 20% (social)
- improving air quality, sanitation, and water supply (social)
- creating jobs in construction, tourism, and retail (economic)
Who is Vision Mumbai run by?
- Vision Mumbai is run by the Mumbai Transformation Support Unit which co-ordinates local authorities, property developers, the state government, and the World Bank
- this type of project is known as ‘top-down’ development - where big decisions are made by public officials and business leaders
How much money does Dharavi’s location make it worth?
Dharavi’s location next to Mumbai’s final district makes it worth US $10 billion
How much money does Dharavi’s location make it worth?
Dharavi’s location next to Mumbai’s final district makes it worth US $10 billion
What has happened to Dharavi (slum in Mumbai) since 2007?
since 2007, large parts of Dharavi have been demolished and redeveloped
What have property developers been given in Dharavi (slum in Mumbai) and what do they have to give in return?
- property developers have been given the land by the City
- in return, they must provide affordable homes in high-rise flats but they are also allowed to build offices and luxury apartments for the middle classes, for which they can make a profit
What have property developers been given in Dharavi and what do they have to give in return?
- property developers have been given the land by the City
- in return, they must provide affordable homes in high-rise flats but they are also allowed to build offices and luxury apartments for the middle classes, for which they can make a profit
What is the Vandane Foundation?
an NGO which supports self-help projects
What different projects does the Vandane Project support in Mumbai?
- micro-credit loans
- enterprise training for smaller businesses
- financial literacy training
- after-school clubs
- free diagnostic health camps
