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AQA GCSE Geography > 3.1.1.2 Tectonic Hazards: Effects and Responses to Tectonic Hazards (Earthquakes) - Nepal and Chile Case Study > Flashcards

3.1.1.2 Tectonic Hazards: Effects and Responses to Tectonic Hazards (Earthquakes) - Nepal and Chile Case Study Flashcards

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1
Q

Secondary effects of earthquakes:

A
  • associated with events triggered by ground shaking e.g. landslides, avalanches, fires and deadly tsunami
  • can cause massive destruction and loss of life
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2
Q

Primary effects of earthquakes:

A
  • caused by ground shaking
  • deaths and injuries associated with collapse of buildings and infrastructure e.g. elevated roads
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3
Q

Immediate/short-term responses to earthquakes:

A
  • initially focuses on search and rescue
  • providing emergency resources e.g. water, food, medicine, shelter and safety
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4
Q

Long-term responses of earthquakes:

A
  • re-building and reconstruction
  • returning society to ‘normal’ and reducing future risk
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5
Q

When was Nepal struck by an earthquake?

A

25th April 2015

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6
Q

What did the 2015 Nepal earthquake measure on the Richter scale?

A

7.9

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7
Q

Where was the epicentre of the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

80km to the north-west of Nepal’s capital Kathmandu in the foothills of the Himalayas

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8
Q

What was the plate boundary for the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A
  • destructive plate margin where the Indo-Australian Plate is colliding with the Eurasian Plate at a rate of 45mm per year
  • collision and pressure at this margin are responsible for the formation of the Himalayas
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9
Q

What was the depth of the 2015 Nepal earthquake and what does this mean?

A
  • very shallow
  • 15km below the surface
  • resulted in very severe ground shaking and widespread landslides and avalanches
  • earthquake caused damage hundreds of kilometres away in India, Tibet and Pakistan
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10
Q

HDI of Nepal:

A

0.602

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11
Q

How many people were injured, died and affected by the earthquake in Nepal in 2015 (primary effects)?

A
  • 9,000 people died
  • 20,000 injured
  • 8 million + people affected
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12
Q

How many people were left homeless by the 2015 Nepal earthquake (primary effects)?

A

3 million people left homeless

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13
Q

What was immediately affected by the 2015 Nepal earthquake (primary effects)?

A
  • electricity
  • water supplies
  • sanitation
  • communication
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14
Q

How many people needed food and shelter in the weeks following the 2015 Nepal earthquake (primary effects)?

A

1.4 million people needed food and shelter in the weeks following the earthquake

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15
Q

How was the airport affected by the 2015 Nepal earthquake (primary effects)?

A

international airport became congested as aid arrived

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16
Q

What % of shops were destroyed by the 2015 Nepal earthquake and how did this affect people (primary effects)?

A
  • 50% of shops destroyed
  • this affected food supplies and people’s livelihoods
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17
Q

What was the cost of damage of the 2015 Nepal earthquake (primary effects)?

A

over US$5bn

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18
Q

What did ground shaking from the 2015 Nepal earthquake trigger (secondary effects)?

A

triggered landslides and avalanches, blocking roads and hampering relief efforts

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19
Q

How many people died due to avalanche on Mount Everest that was caused by the 2015 Nepal earthquake (secondary effects)?

A
  • killed 19 people
  • greatest loss of life on the mountain in a single incident
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20
Q

What did the avalanche in Langtang caused by the 2015 Nepal earthquake cause (secondary effects)?

A

left 250 people missing

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21
Q

What landslide did the 2015 Nepal earthquake cause (secondary effects)?

A
  • landslide blocked the Kali Dandaki River, 140km north-west of the capital Kathmandu
  • many people evacuated in case of flooding
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22
Q

What did International rescue teams do as an immediate response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A
  • International search and rescue teams inc. the British organisation Search and Rescue Assistance in Disasters (SARAID), rescued 16 survivors
    • water and medical support arrived from the UK, China and India
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23
Q

How many people urgently needed water, food and shelter and who helped provide this as an immediate response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A
  • approx. 1.4 million people urgently needed water, food and shelter
  • World Vision International provided emergency food kits for 8000 people and shelter materials for 20,000 people
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24
Q

How did helicopters help as an immediate response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

helicopters rescued many people caught in avalanches on Mount Everest and delivered supplies to villages cut off by landslides

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25
Q

What was set up as an immediate response for the injured and homeless to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A
  • field hospitals set up by organisations such as Red Cross
  • 1/2mn + tents erected
26
Q

How many people migrated from Kathmandu as an immediate response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

approx. 300,000 people migrated from Kathmandu to seek shelter and support from family and friends

27
Q

What did Nepal adopt in 2018 as a long-term response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

2018 Nepal adopted a new National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy to increase future resilience

28
Q

What happened by the end of 2015 to roads and routes as a long-term response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A
  • by the end of 2015 most access roads have been repaired and landslides cleared
  • trekking routes on Mount Everest were restored and tourists (important source of income) returned
29
Q

What project was started as a long-term response for housing to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A
  • The Nepal Earthquake Housing Reconstruction Project supported by US$700 million from the International Development Association (IDA)
  • provides grants to help people rebuild their home using disaster-resilient construction techniques and materials
30
Q

How many new homes had been reconstructed as a long-term response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

September 2020, 212,000 new homes (of the planned 335,700) had been reconstructed

31
Q

How did UNESCO help with long-term response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

UNESCO working with the government to restore 700 damaged temples, palaces and museums

32
Q

Capital city of Chile:

A

Santiago

33
Q

HDI of Chile:

A

0.851

34
Q

Where did the Chile earthquake take place?

A

epicentre was off off the central Chile coast - travelled 800km/h across the Pacific

35
Q

What was the 2010 Chile earthquake on the Richter scale?

A

8.8 Richter scale

36
Q

What plate boundary did the 2010 Chile earthquake take place at?

A
  • destructive subduction boundary
  • between theNazca and South American plates
37
Q

Did the Earth open up because of the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

70 miles from epicentre the Earth opened up in Concepción

38
Q

What was the depth of the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

72 miles under surface - larger depth so less damage on surface

39
Q

Approximately how long did the 2010 Chile earthquake last for?

A

90 seconds

40
Q

How many people died, were injured and were affected by the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A
  • 500 people died
  • 12,000 injured
  • 800,000 people affected
41
Q

What happened to Chile’s infrastructure as a result of the earthquake in 2010?

A

much of Chile lost power, water supplies and communications

42
Q

How many schools, homes, ports and hospitals were destroyed by the Chile 2010 earthquake?

A
  • 45,000 schools
  • 22,000 homes
  • 53 ports
  • 56 hospitals
  • port of Talcahuanao and Santiago airport badly damaged
    • other public buildings
43
Q

Were any buildings left standing after the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

many well-constructed buildings left standing

44
Q

What was the total cost of the 2010 Chile earthquake estimated to be?

A

US$5 billion

45
Q

What was the effect of the 2010 Chile earthquake on coastal towns?

A

left devastated by tsunami which was triggered by the earthquake

46
Q

How were Pacific countries affected by the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

several Pacific countries struck by tsunami - warnings prevented loss of life

47
Q

Did the 2010 Chile earthquake cause any fires?

A
  • fires broke out in buildings due to burst pipes and other complications
  • caused a fire at a chemical plant near Santiago - area had to be evacuated
48
Q

Were any landslides triggered by the 2010 Chile Earthquake? How many km’s of road did this damage? How did this affect rural communities?

A
  • landslides triggered by the earthquakes damaged 1,500km of road
  • debris blocked road for weeks, which cut off rural communities and slowed down relief efforts
49
Q

How were emergency services deployed as an immediate response to the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A
  • emergency services deployed quickly
  • search and rescue teams were sent out to search for any survivors, and emergency field hospitals were set up to help the injured
50
Q

How quickly were highways repaired as an immediate response to the 2010 Chile earthquake and what did this allow?

A
  • within 24 hours temporary repairs were made to the Route 5 north-south highway
  • this reconnected the capital (Santiago) to other areas and allowed response teams to travel to more remote communities
51
Q

How many temporary shelters did the Chilean government set up initially and then through fundraising as an immediate response to the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A
  • temporary shelters were set up for the homeless
  • the Chilean government immediately distributed 5,000 temporary shelters, and a further 30,000 temporary emergency shelters were built after fundraising
52
Q

What did International aid groups do as an immediate response to the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

International aid groups set up emergency response units for healthcare and emergency supply distribution

53
Q

How much of and how quickly was power and water restored as an immediate response to the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

power and water was restored to 90% of homes within 10 days

54
Q

How much money was raised as an immediate response to the 2010 Chile earthquake and what did it go towards?

A

US$60 million raised in relief funds after a national appeal which went towards reconstruction and emergency aid

55
Q

What housing reconstruction plan was set up as a long-term response to the 2010 Chile earthquake? How much money in housing subsidies did it pledge and for how many houses?

A
  • Chile set up a national housing reconstruction plan one month after the earthquake
  • pledged US$3.5 billion in housing subsidies for 196.000 households affected
56
Q

What happened to many houses and building that were still standing as a long-term response to the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

1,000s of houses and buildings were deemed unsafe to stay standing and had to be demolished

57
Q

Was foreign aid used as a long-term response to the 2010 Chile earthquake

A
  • foreign aid was not heavily relied upon as Chile had the funds available for reconstruction and recovery
  • strong economy could be built back without foreign aid
  • the frequency of earthquakes in Chile meant the country was prepared for the disaster
58
Q

How long did the President of Chile say the full recovery of Chile could take as a result of the 2010 earthquake?

A
  • President of Chile announced that full recovery could tale 4 years
  • esp. to fully reconstruct buildings and ports
59
Q

Similarities of responses to earthquakes between Nepal and Chile:

A
  • emergency and rescue teams arrived quickly in both countries
  • main industries were able to bounce back (copper and tourism)
  • damaged homes repaired and reconstructed
  • roads repaired
60
Q

Differences between responses to earthquakes in Nepal and Chile:

A
  • Chile didn’t need to rely on much foreign aid unlike in Nepal
  • Nepal had to carry out rescues for hikers on Mt Everest
  • 300,000 people migrated from Nepal but there was no major migration in Chile
  • Nepal had to establish stricter control on building codes and construction - unlike Chile which already had quite strict controls
61
Q

How many schools were destroyed in the 2015 Nepal earthquake (primary effects)?

A

7,000 schools destroyed and people overwhelmed

AQA GCSE Geography (45 decks)

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