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AQA GCSE Geography > 3.2.1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges - Bristol Case Study > Flashcards

3.2.1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges - Bristol Case Study Flashcards

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1
Q

Bristol is the _____ city in the SW of England

A

Bristol is the largest city in the SW of England

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2
Q

When and why did Bristol develop?

A

Bristol developed in the 18th century as part of the triangular trade linking West Africa and the West Indies.

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3
Q

Where is Bristol located in England?

A

Bristol is in the SW of England

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4
Q

What does Bristol have surrounding it and what does this create?

A

it has smaller towns surrounding it like Bath, Swindon, Weston-Super-Mare, and Newport - together this makes the Bristol Urban Region

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5
Q

What physical features are found in and surrounding Bristol?

A
  • to the city’s NE are the Mendip Hills and to the W is the River Severn which leads to the Bristol Channel
  • the River Avon runs through the city to the Bristol Channel
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6
Q

What transport links does Bristol have?

A
  • the city is served by several motorways, such as the M4 which connects to London and S Wales and the M5 which connects to Bristol and the SW of England
  • an International Airport is found S of Bristol
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7
Q

How does Bristol embrace the spirit of independence?

A

by boasting an array of independent stores alongside its own currency - the Bristol £1

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7
Q

How has Bristol’s industry changed?

A

there has been a change from dependence on traditional industry like tobacco and paper, to the development of global industries such as financial and business services, defences aerospace, technology, culture, and media

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8
Q

What has there been a high-level of investment in in Bristol?

A

there has been a high level of inward investment, including FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), in manufacturing (companies such as Airbus, BMW and Seimens), finance, and high-tech businesses

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9
Q

What is Bristol home to?

A
  • Bristol is home to several theatres and music venues, including the famous Bristol Old Vic theatre
  • It is home to Aardman the animators who created Wallace and Gromit
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10
Q

How many universities does Bristol have?

A

2

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11
Q

How many cathedrals does Bristol have and what are they called?

A

Bristol has 2 cathedrals - Bristol (Anglican) and Clifton (Roman Catholic) cathedrals

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12
Q

Where is the graffiti artist Banksy from and where can you see his artwork?

A

Graffiti artist Banksy is from Bristol, his work can still be seen at sites across the city - he occasionally pops home to do a new one too

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13
Q

How many major ports is Bristol home to and what are they called?

A

Bristol has two major docks, Avonmouth and Royal Portbury, and the UK’s most centrally located deep-sea container port

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14
Q

How popular in the UK is Bristol with foreign visitors?

A

Bristol is the UK’s 8th most popular city for foreign visitors

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15
Q

What attractions does Bristol have?

A

Attractions include Brunel’s ship SS Great Britain and Bristol Zoo

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16
Q

What was Bristol names by a Premier Inn survey and why?

A
  • Bristol was named most artistic city in the UK by a survey from Premier Inn
  • considering the large number of museums, theatres, amount of live music gigs and the quantity of street art
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17
Q

What was Bristol named in 2017?

A

UK’s most environmentally friendly city

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18
Q

In 2008 Bristol was named the UK’s first what?

A

the UK’s 1st cycling city

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19
Q

What does Bristol have the largest concentration of outside of California?

A

Bristol has the largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture outside California

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20
Q

Is Bristol a fair-trade city? How many workers does Bristol trade fairly with and in how many developing countries?

A
  • yes
  • sees trading fairly with nearly 5m workers in 58 developing countries
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21
Q

Why does Bristol tract students from all over the world?

A

provides graduates for professional, managerial, and knowledge-based jobs

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22
Q

How does Bristol have good access to London and Europe

A

Bristol holds a strategic position on the M4 corridor, with good road and rail links, and easy access to London and rail and ferry services to Europe

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22
Q

Where does Bristol airport link Bristol to?

A

Bristol airport links the city to major European centres and the USA

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23
Q

What award was Bristol the first UK city to be awarded and when?

A

European Green Capital in 2015

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24
Q

What oldest thing in the world was found in Bristol

A

Fossils of the oldest known dinosaur in Britain and one of the oldest in the world were found in Bristol

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25
Q

What was Bristol’s population in 2016?

A

440,500

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26
Q

What % & how many people in Bristol’s population are white British?

A

approx. 75% of city is white-British - 333,432

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27
Q

What % & how many people in Bristol’s population are non-white?

A

approx. 25% of city is non-White - 94,802

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28
Q

What does Bristol’s diversity in people improve and reduce?

A
  • improves inclusivity
  • more innovative ideas
  • increase in diversity reduces number of clone towns (where every town looks the same) as new shops are created
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29
Q

What is the general age of Bristol’s population?

A

Bristol has a younger population mostly in 20s - 30s

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30
Q

Why does Bristol have a younger population (mostly in 20s - 30s)?

A
  • older people generally don’t want to move to urban areas to retire
  • lots of jobs
  • generally younger people migrate to industrial cities with lots of jobs
  • actively working population
  • no problem on lack of people for jobs
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31
Q

What happened to Bristol’s population between 1851 - 1891 and why?

A

between 1851 - 1891 Bristol’s population doubled as people arrived looking for work

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32
Q

How much population growth in Bristol has migration accounted until 2015?

A
  • until 2015 migration from abroad accounted for half of Bristol’s population growth
  • this has included from large numbers of EU countries, in particular Poland and Spain
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33
Q

Provide examples of sectors that migrant workers are employe din:

A
  • hospitality
  • manufacturing
  • construction
  • retail
  • health
  • transport
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34
Q

What is different about the migration to Bristol compared to other peoples in the UK?

A

compared to elsewhere in the UK, a higher proportion of migrant coming to Bristol intend to stay permanently

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35
Q

What are the negatives of Internal/International migration to Bristol?

A
  • overcrowding
  • lack of spaces in school, overcrowding in schools, reduced quality of teaching
  • more pressure on housing - not enough housing, pressure on employment
  • challenge of integration into wider community
  • the mainly young migrants help yo balance the age population
  • the need to provide education for children whose 1st language isn’t English
  • bigger NHS wait times - more strain on NHS resources
  • traffic congestion
  • challenges with integration
  • sexism, homophobia, transphobia etc.
  • culture clashes
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36
Q

What are the positives of Internal/International migration to Bristol?

A
  • increase in diversity = more cultures = new ideas = enriching the city’s cultural life
  • increase in businesses = increase in number of jobs = boost to local and national economy
  • enriching the city’s cultural life
  • the mainly young migrants help to balance the ageing population
  • part of hardworking and motivated workforce
  • increase in range of skills boosting economy, improving the level of skills where there are shortages
  • contributing to both the local and national economy
  • as well as migrants’ economic impact, migrants also contribute to the cultural life of the city in music, art, literature, and food
  • Bristol’s large African and Afro-Caribbean population has had a significant impact and has created a strong sense of community spirit
    • the St Paul’s Carnival attracts around 400,000 people each year
    • its aim is to help improve relations between the European, African, Caribbean and Asian communities
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37
Q

What has Bristols large African and Afro-Caribbean population created?

A

a strong sense of community spirit

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38
Q

How many people does the St Paul’s carnival attract each year?

A

around 400,000 people each year

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39
Q

What is the aim of the St Paul Carnival in Bristol?

A

to help improve relations between the European, African, Caribbean and Asian communities

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40
Q

Internal Migration:

A

migration within a country

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41
Q

International Migration:

A

migration between countries

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42
Q

How is Bristol’s population changing?

A

Bristol’s population is growing rapidly

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43
Q

How is Bristol’s rail line to London changing?

A

the electrification of the rail line to London will reduce the journey time to just 70 minutes

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44
Q

How many people live within 50km of Bristol?

A

over 2 million people

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45
Q

What makes Bristol more accessible and connected?

A
  • its network of motorway, road, rail, and air connections has made it more accessible
  • improvements to the area’s motorways and the opening of a Second River Severn crossing have increased Bristol’s connectivity
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46
Q

There are more people under __ than of ___ age in Bristol

A

There are more people under 16 than of pensionable age

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47
Q

There are more people under __ than of ___ age in Bristol

A

There are more people under 16 than of pensionable age

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48
Q

What are the social opportunities in Bristol?

A
  • Cultural Opportunities
  • Recreation and Entertainment
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49
Q

What does Bristol’s youthful population contribute to?

A

a vibrant underground music scene in addition to the usual range of nightclubs and bars

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50
Q

What does the Colston Hall have in Bristol?

A

the Colston Hall has concerts and entertainment by major names in rock, pop, jazz, folk, world and classical music

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51
Q

What in Bristol provides a wide choice of entertainment and in the form of what?

A

the Colston Hall has concerts and entertainment by major names in rock, pop, jazz, folk, world and classical music

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52
Q

What is one cultural influence on Bristol?

A

cultural influences include diverse places to eat such as Indian, Chines, Japanese, Filipino, Thai, Malay, Korean, Polish, and Caribbean food

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53
Q

How many football teams does Bristol have and what are the names of them?

A

Bristol has two professional football teams, City and Rovers

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54
Q

Does Bristol have a rugby union?

A

yes it has a successful rugby union team called Bristol Bears

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55
Q

What is Bristol the headquarters of?

A

the headquarters of Gloucestershire County Cricket

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56
Q

What are the sports teams in Bristol developing and why?

A

the sports teams in Bristol are developing their stadiums to provide a range of leisure and conference facilities

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57
Q

What were improved shopping facilities in Bristol needed to?

A
  • reduce crime
  • compete with other cities
  • improve the environment
  • attract employment
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58
Q

What affected shopping development in Bristol?

A

the out-of-town retail park at Cribbs Causeway affected the Broadmead shopping development in the city centre which had become outdated

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59
Q

What is the development that has been made to encourage people to come back to shopping in the CBD?

A
  • pedestrianising the area and installing CCTV to improve safety
  • providing a more attractive e shopping environment with new street furniture, floral displays, and landscaping
  • the development of open street markets
  • improving public transport into the centre e.g. park and ride
  • promoting tourism to encourage greater spending, by making the nearby Old Market area of the city into a conservation area
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60
Q

When was the Cabot Circus in Bristol opened and how much did it cost?

A

this development opened in September 2008 at a cost of £500 million

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61
Q

How much of the Cabot’s Circus in Bristol do shops and leisure facilities tae up?

A

shops and leisure facilities take up two thirds of its floor space

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62
Q

What else is found in the Cabot Circus in Bristol (how many apartments)?

A

as well as shops there are offices, a cinema, a hotel and 250 apartments

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63
Q

How many people does the free-three day annual Harbourside Festival in Bristol attract?

A

around 300,000 spectators

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63
Q

Name the types of redevelopment in Bristol:

A
  • Warehouse Conversions
  • Hi-Tech Industries
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64
Q

What are warehouses in Bristol being converted to?

A

apartments

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65
Q

What does it mean if a building is listed at Grade II (Bristol brownfield sites)?

A

can’t change outward appearance of buildings (beams, windows etc.)

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66
Q

Provide an examples of a site in Bristol being converted to apartments:

A
  • the regeneration of the former gasworks site at Brandon Yard in Bristol’s Harbourside will provide 58 one, two and three bedroom stylish and sustainable apartments
  • the site has been derelict for nearly 40 years and contains the ruins of two Grade-II listed buildings, West Purifier House and Engine House
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67
Q

Why have hi-tech industries developed in Bristol?

A
  • the major change in Bristol has been the growing number of people employed by hi-tech companies
  • there are 50 micro-electronic and silicon design businesses in the Bristol area - the largest concentration outside of California’s Silicon Valley
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68
Q

Why might hi-tech businesses move to Bristol?

A
  • there are two well-respected Universities meaning more hi-tech business may come to Bristol as they may be looking for young, innovative people and the Universities would’ve definitely had courses in tech
  • highly educated workforce - meaning more people suitable to work in tech business
  • a government grants of £100m to become a super-connected city
  • the Bristol and Bath science park at Emerson’s Green
  • an attractive and non-polluted environment - can set up business in a good, safe location
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69
Q

Name four hi-tech industries found in Bristol:

A
  • Aardman Animations
  • Defence Procurement Agency (DPA)
  • Filton Enterprise Area
  • Aerospace Industry
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70
Q

Where is Aardman Animations based?

A

based in Bristol

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71
Q

When was Aardman Animations (Bristol) set up?

A

in 1972

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72
Q

What has Aardman Animations (Bristol) become well-known for?

A

studio has become well-known for its films using stop-motion clay animation techniques e.g Wallace and Gromit

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73
Q

When did Aardman Animations (Bristol) enter the computer animation market and after what?

A

after making some experimental films in the late 1990s, it entered the computer animation market

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74
Q

What have Aardman Animation’s (Bristol) films won?

A

its films have won an Oscar and many other awards

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75
Q

How has Aardman Animations provided economic opportunities to Bristol on a local scale?

A
  • brings recognition - studio has become well-known for its films using stop-motion clay animation techniques e.g Wallace and Gromit = more jobs
  • more sustainable
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76
Q

How has Aardman Animations provided economic opportunities on a national scale?

A

the studio’s films are viewed all over the country - provides jobs in many other industries as well across the country, directly or indirectly linked

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77
Q

What challenges might Aardman Animation create in Bristol?

A
  • increase in people working for / with Aardman animations = housing needs increased, public services strained, more facilities necessary
  • Aardman Animations puts small local animators out of business as people would go to a more recognised Animation Studio
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78
Q

Where and when was the Defence Procurement Agency set up?

A

established on a Greenfield site in Bristol 1996

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79
Q

What was government policy for some time (Defence Procurement Agency in Bristol)?

A

for some time, it has been government policy to decentralise agencies away from London

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80
Q

How many people does the Ministry of Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) (Bristol) employ?

A

10,000+ people

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81
Q

How has the Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) provided economic opportunities on a national scale?

A

supplies the army, Air Force and navy with everything they need from boots to aircraft carriers - means the country doesn’t have to import its things from other countries which can be less reliable

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82
Q

What challenges might/has the Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) create(d) in Bristol?

A
  • as the number employed by the DPA increases, there was need for more housing
  • the development is an example of the link between economic opportunities and urban change
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83
Q

What has the Defence Procurement Agency contributed to in Bristol?

A

contributed to the city’s urban sprawl, Bradley Stoke, with a population of over 21,000+, was Europe’s largest private housing development when building commenced in the late 1980s

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84
Q

What have developments like the Filton Enterprise Area (Bristol) become?

A

have become established hubs for cutting-edge aviation technology

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85
Q

What does the Filton Enterprise Area (Bristol) produce?

A

the area produces parts for aircrafts, as well as electronic system such as those for communication and navigation

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86
Q

What ___ year tradition is there for the aircraft industry in Bristol?

A

there is a 100 year tradition for the aircraft industry in Bristol

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87
Q

How has the Filton Enterprise Area (Bristol) provided economic opportunities on a local scale?

A
  • there is a 100-year tradition for the aircraft industry in Bristol and this is supported by world-class aerospace course at local universities
  • employs local people
  • provides a good career in the aerospace industry
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88
Q

How has the Filton Enterprise Area (Bristol) provided economic opportunities on a national scale?

A

improves communication and navigation technology - the area produces parts for aircrafts, as well as electronic system such as those for communication and navigation = means country doesn’t have to import its communication and navigation technology from other countries which can be less reliable

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89
Q

What challenges might Filton Enterprise Area create in Bristol?

A
  • noise pollution from machinery
  • CO2 emissions (GHG)
  • ruins local environment
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90
Q

When and where was the aerospace industry set up in Bristol?

A

aviation industry set up in North Bristol in 1910

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91
Q

What is the 1st airplane factory in Bristol to be set up on?

A

to be set up on a commercial basis

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92
Q

How many of the 15 main global aircraft companies are found in the Bristol region? provide examples:

A
  • 14 of the 15 main global aircraft companies are found in the Bristol region (inc. Rolls-Royce, Airbus and GKN aerospace)- provides lots of local jobs
  • supply chain have grown up in the region to supply these hi-tech industries
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93
Q

How has the Aerospace Industry (Bristol) provided economic opportunities on a national scale?

A
  • large amounts of competition keeps prices low and cheap - more jobs
  • 14 of the 15 main global aircraft companies are found in the Bristol region (inc. Rolls-Royce, Airbus and GKN aerospace) - provides lots of local jobs
  • supply chain have grown up in the region to supply these hi-tech industries
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94
Q

What challenges might the Aerospace Industry create in Bristol?

A
  • doesn’t directly benefit Bristol
  • takes out opportunities from less developed industries
  • increase in people working for / with Aerospace Industries = housing needs increased, public services strained, more facilities necessary
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95
Q

What are some environmental issues that Bristol might experience as a result of urban change?

A
  • air pollution - as more cars on road due to population increase
  • water pollution
  • too much waste production e.g. not disposing of waste correctly - not recycling
  • traffic congestion increases carbon emissions, reduces air quality and increases transport costs for the industry
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96
Q

Bristol invested £__ in _____ sustainable projects

A

£2m invested in 189 sustainable projects

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97
Q

How many businesses signed onto GoGreen in Bristol?

A

200 business signed onto GoGreen

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98
Q

How many businesses signed onto GoGreen in Bristol?

A

200 business signed onto GoGreen

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99
Q

How many people attended Green Youth Day in Bristol?

A

1000 people

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100
Q

How many primary school children have a planted a tree in Bristol for the “tree per child” program and how many are set to be planted?

A

“tree per child” - 36,000 British Primary School children to plant trees , 10,000 have done that so far

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101
Q

How many local organisers are a part of ‘Green Capital’ in Bristol?

A

800 local organisers now part of ‘Green Capital’

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102
Q

How many people and businesses attended VentureFest in Bristol?

A

1600 people and 1000+ business attended VentureFest

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103
Q

By how much is Bristol trying to increase its use of renewable energy?

A

increase the use of renewable energy from 2% (2012)

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104
Q

By how much is Bristol trying o increase its use of renewable energy?

A

increase the use of renewable energy from 2% (2012)

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105
Q

What Bristol is trying to do to become a greener city?

A
  • reduce water pollution by improved monitoring and maintenance
  • establish an Air Quality Management plan to monitor air pollution
  • increase the use of brownfield sites for new businesses and housing
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106
Q

How much is Bristol trying to reduce energy uses by and CO2 emissions by 2020 and how will they do this?

A
  • establish an Air Quality Management plan to monitor air pollution
  • improve energy efficiency
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107
Q

What is Bristol’s 2020 plan on being more sustainable?

A
  • transport improvements
  • improved energy efficiency
  • development of renewable energy
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108
Q

By how much is Bristol trying to increase the number of jobs in low-carbon industries by 2030?

A

Bristol plans to increase the number of jobs in low-carbon industries from 9,000 to 17,000 by 2030

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109
Q

How much as recent annual growth in the city’s Green economy as high as?

A

4.7%

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110
Q

What did Bristol do in 2015 during its first year as European Green Capital?

A
  • 175 businesses created a green action plan
  • major events included an international festival on leadership in green technology and an international competition to develop mobile apps and environmental awareness games
  • the first 100 electric car charging points were installed in the city
  • every primary pupil in Bristol planted a tree to improve the city’s green coverage
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111
Q

Integrated Transport System (ITS):

A
  • an ITS connects different methods of transport, with the intention of making journeys smoother
  • this makes transport more sustainable , as weak as reducing traffic congestion
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112
Q

What does an Integrated Transport System (ITS) aim to do?

A

aim is to encourage people to switch from using cars to public transport

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113
Q

In 2012 what was Bristol out of the whole of the UK?

A

in 2012 Bristol was the 2nd most congested city in the UK

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114
Q

How much longer is a journey during rush hours in Bristol compare to other items in the day?

A

a journey during rush hours too about a third longer that at other times of the day

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115
Q

What % of people does Bristol have travelling by walking nd cycling?

A

even so, Bristol has a higher % of people walking and cycling than any other city in the UK (57%)

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116
Q

What did Bristol aim to do by 2020 for the number of cyclists?

A

it aimed to double the number of cyclists by 2020

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117
Q

How will an ITS (Integrated Transport System help improve the city economy and help develop the city?

A
  • ITS links different forms of transport with the city and surrounding areas
  • the development of an ITS (Integrated Transport System will improve accessibility to, and within, the city
  • this should reduce transport congestion, reduce transport costs and so improve the profitability of the city’s industries and increase the employment opportunities within Bristol
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118
Q

How will an ITS (Integrated Transport System help improve the city economy and help develop the city?

A
  • ITS links different forms of transport with the city and surrounding areas
  • the development of an ITS (Integrated Transport System will improve accessibility to, and within, the city
  • this should reduce transport congestion, reduce transport costs and so improve the profitability of the city’s industries and increase the employment opportunities within Bristol
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119
Q

Why is it important for the ITS (Integrated Transport System to cover the city and surrounding areas?

A
  • ITS links different forms of transport with the city and surrounding areas
  • the development of an ITS (Integrated Transport System will improve accessibility to, and within, the city
  • this should reduce transport congestion, reduce transport costs and so improve the profitability of the city’s industries and increase the employment opportunities within Bristol
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120
Q

What are the social benefits of cycling?

A
  • lower levels of obesity
  • good form of daily exercise
  • positive mental health and less stress
  • reduced sick leave and time off work
  • better health
  • improved access to shops an services
  • more people on the street make them feel safer
  • quick and reliable form of transport
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121
Q

What are the environmental benefits of cycling (Bristol)?

A
  • reduced air pollution
  • reduces GHG emissions e.g. reduces CO2 emissions
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122
Q

For every £1 invested in cycling how much more goes into the local economy in Bristol?

A

for every £1 invested in cycling £4 goes into the local economy

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123
Q

What is an economic benefit of cycling (Bristol)?

A

boosts tourism

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124
Q

What different forms of transport are linked in Bristol’s ITS (Integrated Transport System)?

A
  • cycling
  • walking
  • public transport
    • bus
    • train
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125
Q

How successful is the ITS (Integrated Transport System) iN Bristol?

A
  • quite successful as it has:
    • reduced traffic congestion
    • smoother connections
    • reduced GHG emissions
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126
Q

How many bus routes does the Bristol Bus Rapid Transit Network and what places does it link?

A

consists of 3 bus routes linking the main Temple Meads railway station with the city’s Parka and Ride sites

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127
Q

When did construction on the Bristol Bus Rapid Transit Network start?

A

construction on the network started in early 2015

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128
Q

When did the first services of the Bristol Bus Rapid Transit Network start opening?

A

the first services started opening in 2018

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129
Q

Why is Park and Ride important (in Bristol)?

A

reduces congestion leading into centre of city

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130
Q

What is Bristol planning to do to develop its railway lines and what will this do?

A
  • make new rail improvements, including: electrification of the line to London
    • electrification will mean greener transport
    • more reliable journeys
    • improved connection across Southern England and South Wales
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131
Q

How much of Bristol is open space?

A

1/3 of Bristol is open space

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132
Q

What % of the population lives with ___ of parklands or waterways?

A

90% + of the population lives within 350m of parkland or waterways

133
Q

How many nature reserves and how many parks are there ein Bristol

A

8 nature reserves and 300 parks

134
Q

What was Queen Square in Bristol and what has it been transformed to?

A

Queen Square was once a dual carriageway but has now been transformed into an open space with cycle routes

135
Q

What % of Bristol is to be part of a wildlife network?

A

27%

136
Q

What % of Bristol is to be covered with trees?

A

30% of the city to be covered with trees

137
Q

What are some of the green initiatives in Bristol?

A
  • Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) to be raised to top conservation condition by 2026
  • objectives set for wildlife in non-natural habitats e.g. cemeteries
138
Q

What was a housing development in Portbury allowed by the local council on the condition of what?

A

that the neighbouring area was made into a nature reserve

139
Q

What do the open areas in Bristol provide?

A

the areas of open water and meadow provide an invaluable habitat for wildlife, birds and plants

140
Q

How does Urban Greening improve QoL in Bristol?

A
  • more O2
  • encourages people to go on walks and they can go on walks in scenic areas - improving mental
  • encourages people and gives people space to do exercise - improving physical and mental health of people as well as overall well-being
141
Q

Summarise how urban change has created ways to improve the environment:

A
  • transport improvements e.g. (ITS - Integrated Transport System & Bristol Bus Rapid Transport Network) - reduces traffic congestion and GHG’s produced
  • improved E efficiency - reduces amount of E used
  • development of renewable E - less fossil fuels produced, less pollution
142
Q

Brownfield sites:

A
  • land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use
  • commonly found across urban areas, particularly in the inner city
143
Q

Greenfield sites:

A
  • a plot of land, often in a rural area on the edge of an urban area
  • that has not yet been subject to any building development
144
Q

What are the advantages of brownfield sites?

A
  • infrastructure already in place
  • environmentally friendly
  • not damaging greenfield sites
  • can improve appearance of site (regeneration)
  • has probably been developed for a reason
  • cheaper than development of greenfield sites
145
Q

What are the disadvantages of greenfield sites?

A
  • can be expensive to build on a brownfield site
    • sites can be contaminated with industrial waste requiring decontamination
    • old buildings may have been demolished
  • immediate access to the area may be poor with congested roads
146
Q

What has Bristol successfully developed?

A

Bristol has successfully developed many smaller scale brownfield sites e.g Temple Meads, Templegate, Harbourside, and Finzels Reach

147
Q

From 2006 - 2013 what % of housing developments were on Greenfield land in Bristol?

A

2006 - 2013 only 6% of new housing developments were on Greenfield land

148
Q

By 2008 how many new homes were planned on brownfield land in Bristol?

A

by 2008, 30,000+ new homes planned on brownfield sites

149
Q

What will be the density of planned brownfield developments compared to Greenfield developments in Bristol?

A

planned Brownfield developments will be high-density with an average of 210 houses per hectare compared with 60 on greenfield sites

150
Q

Where is Finzels Reach? and how big is it?

A

a 2 hectare brownfield site near the CBD with a redundant sugar refinery and old brewery buildings in Bristol

151
Q

What is Finzels Reach (in Bristol)?

A
  • the facades of the old industrial buildings have been retained
  • it is a high-density development with a variety of uses, including:
    • office spaces
    • shops
    • apartments
152
Q

How many apartments does Finzles Reach (in Bristol) have?

A

400 apartments

153
Q

By how much % lower is the average amount of waste produced per head in Bristol to the UK average amount of waste produced per head?

A

296 car parking spaces

154
Q

How much waste does Bristol produce per year?

A

the city produced over half a million tonnes of waste per year

155
Q

How much food waste does Bristol produce?

A

it is among the worst cities in the country in terms of the amount of food waste production

156
Q

What is the main cause of atmospheric pollution in Bristol?

A

vehicle emissions are the main cause of pollution in the city

157
Q

Bristol is the most ___ city in England and the _____ are often the most polluted

A

Bristol is the most congested city in England and the main bus routes are often the most polluted

158
Q

How many people die in Bristol each year as a result of the air pollution?

A

an estimated 200 people die in the city as a result of air pollution each year

159
Q

Which direction do the prevailing winds come from for Bristol and what does this cause?

A

the prevailing winds are from the south west which means at times pollutants are blown over the city from the industrials area around the port at Avonmouth

160
Q

What are steps being taken to improve the air quality in Bristol?

A
  • whole of the city has been made a smoke control area
  • reducing speed limits on motorways and in residential areas
  • the Frome Gateway, a walking and cycling route to the city centre
  • a smartphone app with information about public transport
160
Q

What are steps being taken to improve the air quality in Bristol?

A
  • whole of the city has been made a smoke control area
  • reducing speed limits on motorways and in residential areas
  • the Frome Gateway, a walking and cycling route to the city centre
  • a smartphone app with information about public transport
161
Q

In how many public car parks has the electric vehicles program (in Bristol) put charging points?

A

40 public car parks

162
Q

What the poo-bus (in Bristol) the first bus to be powered by?

A

1st bus to be powered by human waste and food waste

163
Q

What was the poo-bus in Bristol made for? and when?

A

made to transport people between Bath and Bristol Airport in 2015

164
Q

How far can the Bristol poo-bus travel on one tank of gas?

A

300km

165
Q

Of how many people’s annual waste does it take to fill one tank of gas for the Bristol poo-bus?

A

takes the annual waste of 5 people to produce

166
Q

Where are Bristol’s aluminium cans and foil waste sent to

A

Warrington, Cheshire

167
Q

Where are Bristol’s batteries (waste) sent to?

A

Chester

168
Q

Where are Bristol’s textiles and shoes (waste) sent to?

A

Bilston, West Midlands

169
Q

Where is Bristol’s gardens waste and food waste sent to?

A

Sharpness, Gloucestershire

170
Q

Where are Bristol’s steel cans and aerosol (waste) sent to?

A

Port Talbot

171
Q

Where is Bristol’s engine oil (waste) sent to?

A

Newport

172
Q

Where is Bristol’s plastic waste sent to?

A

Corby, Northants

173
Q

Where is Bristol’s glass waste sent to?

A

Harlow, Essex

174
Q

Where is Bristol’s cardboard and cartons (waste) sent to?

A

Sittingbourne, Kent

175
Q

Where are Bristol’s spectacles (waste) sent to?

A

Crawley, Sussex

176
Q

Where is Bristol’s paper waste sent to?

A

Aylesford, Kent

177
Q

Why was the idea of Bristol’s ‘poo-bus’ declined?

A
  • in favour of electric buses as electric buses don’t produce any noise (solve noise pollution) and don’t produce any air pollution
  • electric buses are more practical
  • can recharge electric buses on electric pads unlike a ‘poo-bus’ where the biomass would have to be transported to the bus
  • electric buses only use a small amount of diesel meaning there is a smaller cost whereas a lot of energy is used to turn waste into biogas which can cost a lot of money
  • burning biomass produces emissions whereas electric buses don’t
178
Q

What is the population of Bristol?

A

694,000

179
Q

What does Bristol have today as a result of the slave trade?

A

2 major docks, Avonmouth and Royal Portbury, and the UK’s most centrally located deep-sea container port

180
Q

How many cars are imported each year to Bristol’s docks and from where?

A

550,000 cars are imported each year from Japan, Germany and Korea

181
Q

Where is Bristol located in relation to the River Severn and River Avon?

A

it is situated on the River Avon, near its confluence with the River Severn, runs through the city to the Bristol Channel

182
Q

How is Bristol linked to Wales?

A

it is linked to Wales by two large bridges across the Severn Estuary

183
Q

Where is Bristol in relation to London?

A

the city is 1900km West of London and linked to London by the M4 motorway

184
Q

How many religions and countries are represented in Bristol? And how many languages are spoken?

A
  • 45 religions
  • 180+ countries of birth represented in the city
  • at least 90 different languages spoken
  • this has included large numbers from EU countries, in particular Poland and Spain
185
Q

How is art represented in Bristol?

A
  • Bristol is home to the famous street artist Banksy and is well known for its street art
  • Graffiti workshops are popular and tourists can joins street are walking tours led by local artists
186
Q

What museums are there in Bristol?

A
  • Bristol has many museums which reflect the cultural changes in the city
  • these include the Aerospace Bristol at Filton and the Brunel’s ship SS Great Britain, the world’s first ocean liner
187
Q

What sort of food and music is there in Bristol?

A
  • Bristol’s changing population and the influx of migrants has led to a huge increase in the diversity of food outlets
  • people can sample Thai, Malay, Japanese, Polish and Caribbean food
  • Bristol’s youthful population contributes to a vibrant underground music scene in addition to the usual range of nightclubs and bars
  • the Colston Hall has concerts and entertainment by major names in rock, pop, jazz, folk, world and classical music
  • the Bristol Old Vic, the Bristol Hippodrome and Tobacco Factory provide a wide choice of entertainment in the form of plays, dance, opera, and musical theatre
  • the Bristol Beacon has rock, jazz, folk and classical music concerts
188
Q

What festivals are in Bristol?

A
  • Bristol’s culture is celebrated by festivals throughout the year
  • these include the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta held at Ashton Court and the Bristol Harbour Festival
189
Q

What is Bristol surrounded by and what does this provide?

A

Bristol is surrounded by countryside and bisected by the River Avon, Bristol provides a huge range of opportunities for outdoor recreation

190
Q

Recreational opportunities in Bristol: The Outdoors

A
  • Ashton Court set in about 350 ha of woodland, and Clifton Downs provide opportunities for walking, cycling and picnics
  • Peel Streets Green Space in St Jude’s is one of several green spaces in the centre of the city
  • the River Avon, which runs through the spectacular Avon gorge, provides opportunities for fishing, walking, nature watching and boating
191
Q

What did the Bristol Half Marathon celebrate in 2019?

A

the Bristol Half Marathon celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2019

192
Q

How many leisure centres does Bristol have?

A

Bristol has 28 leisure centres and swimming pools which are distributed across the city giving access to most of its population

193
Q

How has shopping changed in Bristol?

A
  • shopping is a growing leisure activity
  • Bristol has seen major changes in its shopping provision
  • the out-of-town retail park at Cribbs Causeway is located close to the M5/M4 junction, providing excellent access for people living in the city region
  • Cribbs Causeway has affected the Broadmead shopping development in the city centre which had become outdated
194
Q

How has urban change created economic opportunities in Bristol?

A
  • highly skilled youthful entrepreneurs from UK and abroad gave come to the city
  • research and development is carried out in local universities, and there is a highly educated and skilled graduate labour force
  • urban regeneration has made disused industrial buildings and brownfield sites available for redevelopment
  • Bristol’s Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone attracts government grants and tax relief aimed at encouraging economic growth and creating new jobs. In such zones it has been made simpler to get planning permission.
  • imported infrastructure has been installed to support broadband
  • Bristol’s ‘green’ credentials and cultural heritage make it an attractive place to live and work
195
Q

How has employment in Bristol changed?

A
  • major developments have been in the tertiary (services) and quaternary (research and IT) sectors. In 2020 Bristol’s unemployment rate was below the UK average
  • employment growth in Bristol is projected to be higher than for the UK as a whole and remains the highest of the British core cities
196
Q

How has Bristol’s industry changed?

A
  • changed from mostly being trade and transport with the West Indies (triangular slave trade) to service industries (e.g. tourism, hotel industry etc.)
  • Bristol’s traditional industries were based on its function as a port
  • cigarettes were made using tobacco from the Caribbean and sherry from wine imported from Bordeaux
  • the closure of the city centre port left empty warehouses
  • some have been turned into flats (photo A) with some re-used for new industry
197
Q

Urban regeneration:

A
  • an approach to city planning to repair the social and economic problems of an urban area, improving physical and environment aspects as well as the buildings
  • in Stokes Croft in Bristol artists revitalised the area using graffiti
198
Q

How is Bristol related to financial services?

A

Bristol is now one of the main financial hubs outside London

199
Q

How many people does the financial services industry employ in Bristol and what is it supported by?

A

Well-known financial companies based in the city include Nationwide and Lloyds Bank, whose headquarters is part of the regeneration in the Bristol Docks area

200
Q

What financial companies are based in Bristol?

A

Well-known financial companies based in the city include Nationwide and Lloyds Bank, whose headquarters is part of the regeneration in the Bristol Docks area

201
Q

What did Bristol receive as a part of the government scheme to promote cycling?

A

£11.4 million to construct cycle lanes and improve cycling facilities in the city

202
Q

How do people commute to Bristol?

A
  • 20,000 by car
  • only 11% by public transport
203
Q

What needs to be changed in Bristol to manage current traffic levels?

A

commuting by car needs to be cut from the present 53% to 43% by 2036

204
Q

How has the ITS in Bristol been developed?

A
  • launched in 2018, the Metrobus rapid transit system aims to provide a fast and reliable integrated transport system connecting suburban housing areas with retail parks, motorway junctions, railway stations and universities
  • Metrowest suburban rail scheme links with areas surrounding the city
  • new cycle rhouteways link with the Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone
205
Q

What is Bristol planning to do as part of its transport developments?

A
  • make new rail improvements, including: electrification of the line to London
    • electrification will mean greener transport
    • time of journey to London by train will take just 70 mins
    • more reliable journeys
    • improved connection across Southern England and South Wales
  • an underground metro is being considered as well as several other new transport projects and upgrades
206
Q

How many parks and gardens does Bristol have?

A

with over 400 parks and gardens

207
Q

How many nature reserves does Bristol have?

A

8 nature reserves

208
Q

In 2019 and 20-year plan was introduced to Bristol to. create what?

A

in 2019 Bristol introduced a 20-year plan to create up to 70 new play spaces across the city, with improved facilities for young people, ensuring there is a park within easy reach

209
Q

What is the city council providing in Bristol to help the environment?

A

the city council provides free vegetable plants for community groups in some of the more deprived parts of the city, like Hartcliffe, to help provide free food for local people

210
Q

In 2019 what campaign was launched in Bristol?

A

in 2019 the campaign ‘Replant Bristol’ was launched, to plan 250,000 new trees by 2030, and contribute towards the city’s aim to be carbon neutral by that year

211
Q

Urban greening:

A

making urban spaces greener

212
Q

How many businesses in Bristol have created a green action plan?

A

175 businesses created a green action plan

213
Q

What major events for the environment are held in Bristol?

A

major events included an international festival on leadership in green technology and an international competition to develop mobile apps and environmental awareness games

214
Q

How many electric charging points were installed in Bristol?

A

the first 100 electric car charging points were installed in the city

215
Q

What is every primary pupil in Bristol doingg to help the environment?

A

every primary pupil in Bristol is planting a tree to improve the city’s green coverage

216
Q

What did Stokes Croft (brownfield site) in Bristol accommodate in the 19th C?

A

in 19th C in this inner city area of Bristol accommodated industrial workers in high-density high-density housing

217
Q

What happened to Stokes Croft (brownfield site) in Bristol in the 1960s and 1970s?

A
  • deindustrialisation in 1960s and 70s led to closure of local industries and many workers’ houses were abandoned
  • empty houses were occupied by squatters and the area experienced riots and antisocial behaviour
218
Q

What is happening to Stokes Croft (brownfield site) in Bristol currently?

A
  • in recent years, Bristol City Council has used lottery money to renovate buildings
  • with influx of younger people, the area has become an artistic hub with independent shops, street art and music
219
Q

Urban sprawl:

A

the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding areas

220
Q

What stops urban sprawl from happening?

A

Greenfield belts stop urban sprawl from happening

221
Q

Social inequality:

A

refers to the disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income as well as between the overall quality (e.g. QoL) and luxury of each person’s existence within a society, while economic inequality is caused by the unequal accumulation of wealth

222
Q

What has caused social inequality in Bristol?

A

lack of investment in the city has led to social inequalities between different areas - in some areas there are high levels of social deprivation

223
Q

Social deprivation:

A

the degree to which an individual or area is deprived of services, housing, income and employment

224
Q

What does Bristol’s population show?

A
  • Bristol’s population like most UK cities show great social variations between different areas
  • these can be measured by looking at a different range of factors that affects people’s lives
  • lack of investments within the city has led to social inequalities between different areas
225
Q

What % (+ how many people) of Bristol’s resident live in some of the most deprived areas in England?

A

15% of the city’s residents (70,000+ people) live in some of the most deprived areas in England

226
Q

Which areas in Bristol in particular are more deprived and why?

A
  • following bomb damage in WW2 many inner-city residents were re-housed in the southern suburbs of Whitchurch park, Hartcliffe and Withywood and Filwood
  • today, many of the council-run estates and high-rise flats are in urgent need of modernisation
  • these areas suffered relatively high levels of unemployment and crime
227
Q

By how much have Bristol housing prices increased since 2014?

A

huge surge in demand has seen house prices in Bristol is by up to 50% since 2014

228
Q

Why is there a shortage of housing for in Bristol?

A

shortage of housing for low income groups - shortage of affordable social housing rent

229
Q

In 2020 how many families were on the council waiting list waiting to be re-housed in Bristol?

A

2020 - 13,000 families on council waiting list waiting to be re-housed

230
Q

What do many houses in the S of Bristol need?

A

many houses need modernisation in S of Bristol

231
Q

How many people does Bristol have living in temporary accommodation?

A

Bristol has high proportion of people living in temporary accommodation

232
Q

What has increased the pressure on housing in Bristol?

A

large number of students in Bristol has increased pressure on housing especially in rental market

233
Q

Which areas have the lowest levels of attainment education wise in Bristol?

A

Children living in areas of highest urban deprivation e.g. in central and southern Bristol have lowest levels of attainment

234
Q

Which areas in Bristol have the highest entitlement for free school meals?

A

Filwood, Hartcliffe and Withywood have highest entitlement for free school meals

235
Q

Where are rates of under-achievement high for children in Bristol?

A

rates of under-achievement are high among children in some ethnic groups especially where English isn’t spoken at home

236
Q

What has urban change caused for healthcare?

A

urban change has caused challenges for healthcare

237
Q

Which areas in Bristol record lower than average levels of health and which areas in Bristol contrast with this?

A
  • Hartcliffe, Withywood, Filwood, Lawrence Hill record lower than average levels of good health and life expectancy with higher levels of premature mortality
  • contrastingly Clifton and Redland experience higher than the average levels of good health and life expectancy
238
Q

What is the employment rate for Bristol?

A

employment rate for Bristol is 77.6% (one of the highest in UK)

239
Q

How does Bristol have high levels of employment?

A

city attracts investment and business in a variety of sectors especially in high tech

240
Q

Where are there high levels of unemployment in Bristol?

A

there are high levels of unemployment in Lawrence Hill, Whitchurch Park and Filwood

241
Q

Why are there high levels of unemployment in certain parts of Bristol?

A

many children in Lawrence Hill, Whitchurch Park and Filwood achieve low levels of educational attainment and often lack the necessary skills to benefit from the employment prospects developing in the city as a result of urban change

242
Q

What is the life expectancy in Filwood (compared to Bristol’s average life expectancy)?

A

78 years (average for Bristol is 80 years)

243
Q

What are higher death rates in Filwood (in Bristol) caused by?

A

higher death rates caused by cancer - smoking

244
Q

In 2013 what % of students got top grades at GCSE (including maths and English) in Filwood in Bristol?

A

in 2013 only 36% of students got top grades at GCSE inc. maths and English

245
Q

How many people are unemployed in Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

1/3 of people aged 16-24 are unemployed: 1/2+ are either long-term unemployed or have never worked

246
Q

How many crimes per yr are there in Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

1300+ crimes per yr

247
Q

What % of people feel unsafe going out at night in Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

62% of people feel unsafe going out at night

248
Q

What sort of crimes face the community in Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

bullying, crime, drug use, poor environment, lack of transport and dumped cars are identified as problems facing the local community

249
Q

What are the biggest and smallest categories of crime in Filwood in Bristol?

A

biggest category of crime in Filwood is violent crime (27%) and Stoke Bishop its anti-social behaviour (27%)

250
Q

How are homes split between own occupied property and those rented from the city council in Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

homes in Filwood are split equally between owner-occupied property and those rented from the city council

251
Q

What happened to most of the houses in the 1930s - 40s in Filwwod (in Bristol)?

A

most of the council houses in the area were built in the 1930s and 1940s - they replaced the slums that had been cleared, and homes bombed during WW2

252
Q

What were the councils housing plans in Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

the design of new council areas were not successful and there were plans to replace 1000 homes - plans abandoned after local opposition

253
Q

How many people in Filwood (in Bristol) are in low income families?

A

in 2010 a survey by Bristol council revealed that 1/3+ people living in Filwood and 1/2+ of the children were in low income households

254
Q

How socially deprived is Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

it is in the top 10% of most social deprived ares in the country

255
Q

What are the rates of doing leisure activities in Filwood (in Bristol)?

A

Filwood residents have the lowest participation in active sports and creative activities in the city

256
Q

What is the life expectancy in Stoke Bishop (compared with Bristol’s average life expectancy)?

A

83 years (average for the city is 80 years)

257
Q

What % of students got top grades in 5 of their GCSEs inc. maths and English in Stoke Bishop (in Bristol)?

A

94% of 16yr olds got the highest grades in 5 or more of their GCSE’s inc. maths and English

258
Q

What % of the population in Stoke Bishop (in Bristol) have a degree or equivalent?

A

nearly 50% of the population have a degree or equivalent

259
Q

What % of people in Stoke Bishop in Bristol are unemployed?

A

3% unemployed

260
Q

How many crimes are there in Stoke Bishop (in Bristol) per yr?

A

less than 300 crimes per year

261
Q

What is vehiclee crime like in Filwood compared to vehicle crime in Stoke Bishop in Bristol?

A

vehicle crime in Filwood (10%) and Stoke Bishop (16%) - more valuable cars in Stoke Bishop as well as more cars to steal

262
Q

What % of housing in Stoke Bishop is owner occupied?

A

81% of housing is owner occupied

263
Q

What % of children live in poverty in Stoke Bishop (in Bristol)?

A

less than 4% of children live in poverty

264
Q

What is car ownership like in Stoke Bishop (in Bristol)?

A

has highest level of car ownership in the city

265
Q

Greenfield belt:

A

set up to prevent urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe

266
Q

Commuter settlement:

A

towns where a significant proportion of residents work elsewhere

267
Q

Rural-urban fringe:

A
  • zone of transition between built-up urban areas and the countryside
  • often competition for land-use
  • mixed land uses
268
Q

Greenfield site:

A

a piece of land that has not been built on before

269
Q

Brownfield site:

A

a piece of land that has been used and then abandoned, and is now waiting to be developed again

270
Q

Advantages of housing developments on brownfield sites:

A
  • infrastructure already in place - land has already been developed
  • environmentally friendly
  • not damaging greenfield sites
  • can improve appearance of site (regeneration)
  • has probably been developed for a reason
  • cheaper than development of greenfield sites
  • a very run-down area of the city can be re-developed
  • listed buildings can be preserved
  • people still live in the centre, so the city doesn’t have a ‘dead-heart’ in the evenings
271
Q

Disadvantages of housing developments on brownfield sites:

A
  • can be expensive to build on brownfield sites
    • sites can be contaminated with industrial waste requiring decontamination
    • old buildings might’ve been demolished
    • clearing waste
    • constructing a modern infrastructure(water, electricity, internet access)
  • immediate access to the area may be poor with congested roads
272
Q

Advantages of housing developments on Greenfield sites:

A
  • require less ground work so are more attractive to developers
  • no need to clear waste
  • no demolition of buildings needed
  • no clean-up costs
  • no limitations to property size and design
  • construction timelines are typically faster
  • promotes the expansion of cities, allowing for population growth
  • land is cheaper in rural areas
  • clean slate
  • clean space
273
Q

Disadvantages of housing development on Greenfield sites:

A
  • there are often objections to Greenfield developments and obtaining planning permission can take many years
  • increases congestion, road traffic noise, poor air quality, noise pollution
  • impacts on ecology and loss of habitat (especially the Great Crested Newt population)
  • loss of open space and informal recreational areas
  • loss of landscape and rural areas may have negative effect on people’s mental health
  • disrupting habitats and ecosystems
274
Q

What happened to housing in Bristol in the past?

A
  • Bristol’s growing population, and the demolition of older areas of slum housing have led to an increase in demand for new housing
  • city was heavily bombed in WW2
  • 3200+ houses were lost and 1800 badly damaged
  • new council homes were built e.g. in Southern suburbs of Whitchurch Park, Hartcliffe and WIthywood and Filwood
  • private houses were also being built and the city’s boundaries were extending outwards
275
Q

What is an example of urban sprawl in Bristol?

A
  • in Bristol urban sprawl has extended the city North and South
  • e.g. the new town of Bradley Stoke 9km NE from the city centre has extended Bristol into South Gloucestershire
  • Bradley Stoke has a population of 21,000+
276
Q

Why has urban change resulted in urban sprawl in Bristol?

A
  • rapidly growing population fuelled mainly by migration from UK and abroad
  • shortage of affordable housing in city centre
  • competition for land in city centre on brownfield sites (industry, retail, office) causing land prices to rise steeply
  • improvements to transport infrastructure enabling people to commute into the city centre
  • many people wishing to live in less polluted, quieter semi-rural locations
277
Q

What are the impacts of urban sprawl on the rural urban fringe?

A
  • building of large housing estates, motorways and service infrastructure in the rural-urban fringe has been controversial
  • local people and environmentalists have been concerned about the loss of countryside and the impacts on wildlife biodiversity and habitats
  • there have also been concerns about increased levels of traffic congestion, noise and air pollution
278
Q

Why and when was the Bristol and Bath greenbelt set up?

A

in 1966 the Bristol and Bath greenbelt was set up to prevent urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe and the merging of the cities Bristol and Bath

279
Q

What is greenbelt land protected from (Bristol)?

A

greenbelt land is protected from new developments such as housing and industry by strict planning regulations

280
Q

Who controls the Bristol and Bath greenbelt?

A
  • only 5% of the green belt around Bristol is controlled by the city authorities
  • 3 neighbouring local authorities are in charge of planning on the majority of the protected land
281
Q

Why is there opposition from local people to building on green belt land (Bristol and Bath greenbelt)?

A
  • eyesore
  • noise pollution
  • defeats point of greenbelt
  • more people using your services - becomes cramped
  • road congestions
  • destroy habitats
282
Q

Where is Bristol and Bath’s greenbelt located?

A
  • surrounds Bristol and Baths
  • in SW of England
  • to the W of the greenbelt is the Bristol channels and the Severn Bridge
  • Bristol is in the county Avon
283
Q

What has Bristol’s importance as a regional centre meant?

A
  • meant that many people travel from the surrounding areas to work within the city
  • towns to the N and the S of the city such as Wotton-under-Edge and Clevedon, have expanded to become local commuter towns/cities
284
Q

Why is there a housing shortage in the UK?

A
  • immigration from other countries - job opportunities
  • Greenfield belts can’t be built on
  • small country - less land\ageing population (as medicine develops) taking up more ad more housing
285
Q

Where is Harry Stoke (greenfield site) located?

A

Harry Stoke is a small village close to the junction of the M4 and the M32 to the NE of Bristol

286
Q

What are the housing plans for Harry Stoke (greenfield site in Bristol)?

A

a new development of 1200 homes has been built on the land at Harry Stoke with a further 2000 homes than was planned for 2016-17 planned by the South Gloucestershire Council

287
Q

Why have local people objected to building on the grounds of Harry Stoke (Greenfield site in Bristol)?

A
  • increased traffic congestion, traffic noise and poor air quality
  • the impacts on ecology and loss of habitats (especially the Great Crested Newt population)
  • the loss of open space and informal recreational spaces
  • the impact on existing communities and spaces - more cramped
  • effect on the local flood risk - increase flood risk
  • destroys habitats
288
Q

Does Bristol use its brownfield sites?

A

Bristol has a good record for re-using brownfield sites

289
Q

Between 2006-2013 what % of housing was built on Brownfield sites in Bristol?

A

94%

290
Q

How many new homes could be built on how many identified brownfield sites in Bristol?

A
  • nearly 8000 new homes could be built on 89 identified brownfield sites
  • they include former office buildings, public houses, coach depots, factories, dockyards, and listed buildings
291
Q

Where does the demand for brownfield land in Bristol come from?

A

the growing need for student accommodation

292
Q

How many houses does Bristol need by 2026 and how does the city council think they can do this?

A

City needs 30,000 new homes by 2026 and the city council is confident that this can be achieved without using any Greenfield sites

293
Q

Why did Bristol Harbourside decline?

A
  • Bristol’s dockland declined when cargo ships became too large to come up the River Avon from the Bristol Channel
  • the closure of several industries around Bristol’s docks - such as tobacco factories, sand dredging and lead-shot works - left several listed buildings empty and unused
294
Q

How many years did the regeneration of Bristol Harbourside take?

A

the regeneration of the area has taken 40 years

295
Q

How was Bristol Harbourside developed?

A
  • the re-use of the industrial buildings for residential purposes was only part of the schemes which also included facilities for culture and leisure
  • developing the area required cooperation between the council, the landowners - who included British Gas and British Rail - private developers and the South West Regional Development Agency
296
Q

What are the negatives of the regeneration at Bristol Harbourside?

A
  • not everybody is happy about the architecture of the waterfront properties
  • the cost of the flats for sale is too high for most of the people on the city’s housing waiting list
297
Q

Why was the housing development scheme on Bristol Harbourside (brownfield site) successful?

A
  • a very run-down area of the city has been redeveloped
  • several listed buildings have been preserved
  • people still live in the centre so the city does not have a ‘dead heart’ in the evenings
298
Q

Regeneration:

A

the attempt to reverse decline by both improving the physical structure, and more importantly and elusively the economy of those areas

299
Q

Urban regeneration:

A
  • aims to reverse the decay or an urban area
  • often involves the used of public (government) investment to improve the physical structure of an area
  • this can involve demolishing areas of slum housing or derelict buildings to create brownfield sites for new developments
300
Q

What is the target for Bristol’s Temple Quarter regeneration plan?

A
  • create 17,000 new jobs by 2037
  • will be 240,000m2 of either new/refurbished building, creating offices, homes, shops etc.
301
Q

Where is Temple Quarter?

A
  • The Temple Quarter is located in the centre of Bristol close to the main Temple Meads Railways station
  • in 2012 much of the area became an Enterprise Zone (EZ), qualifying for government money to support a programme for regeneration
302
Q

What was the Temple District like before regenerated?

A
  • The Temple Quarter was developed as an industrial area in the 18th C
  • the area often flooded until the construction of the ‘floating harbour’ and the feeder canal in the 19th C
  • with a steady water level in the harbour, more developments took place
  • main industries included: rope factories, timber beards, malt houses, glassworks, pottery works, oil, tallow (animals fats used to make soap), alum, timber yards, iron foundry, soap factories etc.
  • in 1840 Bristols Temple Meads railway station opened, with rail connections to London and other parts of the UK
  • railways sidings were constructed covering about 40% of the current Enterprise Zone Area
303
Q

Why did the Temple Quarter (in Bristol) need to be regenerated?

A
  • The Temple Quarter was very ‘run-down’
  • it gave a negative impression to visitors, as it was the 1st part of the city seen by anyone driving from Wells to the South East
  • it is also the area that many visitors see when they first arrive at Temple Meads - the city’s main railways station
304
Q

How big is Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A

covers 70Ha and is one of the largest regeneration urban projects in the UK

305
Q

What ways can a regeneration scheme be considered a success?

A
  • how many people visit the area
  • how much money is spent in the area
306
Q

Key challenges of Temple Quay (in. Bristol):

A
  • managing high volumes of traffic whilst supporting enhanced pedestrian and cycle links
  • delivering new, vibrant streets and spaces around Plot 3
  • reinforcing and extending the existing green infrastructure of Temple Way
  • giving the Temple Quay streets and spaces a broader appeal, seven days a week
  • introducing more activity as street level along key building frontages
  • former industrial area - main industries were rope works, timberyards, madhouses, glassworks and potteries
307
Q

Strengths of Temple Quay (in Bristol):

A
  • proximity to the station
  • the waterside setting of the Floating Harbour, and the waterfront walkway
  • Temple Way already established as an attractive tree-lined, major inner city highway
  • the Square at Temple Quay Phase 1
  • pedestrian bridges across the harbour providing views and permeability through the area
  • ferry landing stage allowing wider range of travel options and close proximity to the water
308
Q

Opportunities of Temple Quay (in Bristol):

A
  • the integration of street trees, where possible, to soften a predominantly hard-paved, built environment
  • making the most of the Floating Harbour as a character asset, establishing continuous and attractive, high quality walkways
  • review the design treatment of The Square at Temple Back East
309
Q

Key Challenges of the Temple Meads City Gateway (in Bristol):

A
  • improving pedestrian, cycle and public transport links withe Redcliffe Way and Victoria Street
  • cut off from the rest of area by Temple Gate dual carriageway built in 1940
  • creating an attractive and efficient, high quality public transport interchange
  • creating a strong, high quality and distinctive welcome for visitors to Bristol
  • reinforcing and enhancing the strong historic character and identity of Temple Meads Station
  • clarifying the onward journey options for visitors and encouraging walking as a first choice for city centre destinations
310
Q

Strengths of Temple Meads City Gateway (in Bristol):

A
  • the waterside setting, diverse character and habitats for the River Avon, Floating Harbour and Feeder Canal
  • the historically significant buildings and settings of Temple Meads station
  • a gateway, arrival point and major hub for Bristol’s city centre
  • elevated position of the station offers opportunities for better legibility of onward journey routes
  • Temple Circus tree planting that demonstrates the value of a strong green infrastructure as a framework where key transport routes come together
  • donated by Temple Meads railways station
311
Q

Opportunities in Temple Meads Gateway:

A
  • achieve attractive walking/cycling like and public realm spaces as part of an redevelopment of the Cattlemarket Road site
  • managing vehicle traffic along major routes to create comfortable, convenient places and links for pedestrians and cyclists conserve energy
  • enhance the historic character and setting of the Temple Meads Station complex, particularly iconic views of the clock tower
  • the creation of a new Temple Meads entrance concourse and transport interchange on friary with associated high quality squares and spaces
  • remodelling Temple Circus, Temple Gate and Bath Road Bridge as a high quality, visually attractive pedestrian and cycle friendly street sequence with generous, direct crossings, and an efficient and safe through movement of vehicle and public transport traffic
312
Q

How important is Temple Meads Railway Station to the regeneration of Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • Bristol’s main railways station and Temple Gate area is the first part of a city visitors and commuters reach
  • changes made to road networks improve accessibility to rest of city as well as making undeveloped land available for development
  • more cycle paths and pedestrian pathways improve safety and reduce air pollution
  • will have 3 new entrances and capacity for 22 million passengers per year
313
Q

How is Temple Meads City Gateway Vision (in Bristol) a plan for people?

A
  • Bristol’s Temple Meads Station’s origins are rooted in a 19th C vision to connect people and places; trade and commerce, via an ITS
  • I.K. Brunel combined the travel modes of the steam locomotion and the ocean-going steam ship connection London to New York
  • customer services, design and technological innovation are at heart of vision to evolve Temple Meads Station into a city gateway fit for 21st C and as an integral part of the Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone
  • legacy of historic buildings and structures with the city are nationally important heritage assets
  • through sensitive adaptation and imaginative design they can be preserved to inspire future generations and placed within a modern context that is fit for today’s living
314
Q

How is Temple Meads City Gateway Vision (in Bristol) a 21st C Gateway for the City?

A
  • all passengers arriving in Bristol will be greeted with 1st class welcome
  • design and layout of the station concourse and linking public realm is vital to the quality of experience offered to commuters, visitors, and potential investors in the Enterprise Zone and wider city centre
  • it will create a first and lasting impression
  • through the language of design, in all its forms, architectural, digital, art and craft - will express the ambitions of creative, business-focused city with major environmental objectives
315
Q

How is Temple Meads City Gateway Vision (in Bristol) going to be a city transport hub?

A
  • Bristol Temple Meads is among the busiest and fastest-growing rail interchanges in the country, receiving on average more than 9 million passengers every year
  • Network Rail aim to deliver a world-class railway hub with outstanding station facilities by the end of the decade
  • this proposal aims to expand the station area and increase train services to cater for the growing rail demand in Bristol, where passenger numbers are forecast to grown by 40% over the next 10yrs
316
Q

How does Temple Meads City Gateway Vision make Bristol a connected city?

A
  • a rejuvenated and expanded transport interchange and development on adjacent sides will combine to create an excellent gateway to Bristol and the wider city region that will be greater than the sum of its parts
  • its role is to facilitate journeys and enable access to the national rail network, particularly encouraging sustainable travel needs, w ill be improved
  • Bristol Temple Meads Railway Station will become a destination in its own right, with significantly increased numbers of passengers, able to access the super-fast broadband infrastructure that will permeate the Enterprise Zone
  • opportunities exist to create a new digital interface with the interchange, the Enterprise Zone and the city enhances visitor and passenger experiences and promotes economic activity
317
Q

What is the Network Proposal for the Temple Meads City Gateway Vision (in Bristol)?

A
  • capacity improvements to ease passenger congestion
  • the redevelopment of the Midland (Digby Wyatt) Shed and Brunel’s Passenger Shed to reinstate two addition platforms
  • the 4-tracking of Filton Bank, the remodelling of Bristol East Junction and faster services to the South West
  • the anticipated electrification of Great Western Main Line from London Paddington Bristol in 2017 and the arrival of InterCity Express high-speed train services during 2018
  • a robust rail link - with increased capacity, improved reliability and reduced travel times - will bring excellent connectivity to London, the South West, Wales and the North
  • a world-class station will attract business to the Enterprise Zone and unlock underused sites around the station for new mixed use development, including shops, restaurants and bars
318
Q

How will Temple Meads City Gateway Vision (in Bristol) improve the integrated transport system?

A
  • the interchange between rail services and onward travel - by taxi, bus, coach, on foot, by bike or car will be made as easy, comfortable and convenient as possible, to create a seamless journey from end to end between the different transport modes
  • helping 1st time visitors to orientate themselves and plan an onward journey to key attractions and destinations in the city will be a key focus of integrated way finding and informative systems
  • assisting passengers to access services that like with Bristol International Airport will be a key aspect of improved interchange experience
  • access to Temple Meads by means other than private car will be emphasised, although provisions of car parking for passengers will continue to be made within a short walking distance of the station
  • the quality of the passenger experience is central to the achievement of the vision
  • subject to more detailed study and liaison with other transport service providers, the interchange will extend over a wider area than the current stations
  • the design and configuration of the connecting pedestrian environment and the quality of the public realm overall will be enhanced, recognising that walking connects all travel modes
  • key walking and cycling routes to Bristol Temple Meads from within and beyond the Enterprise Zone will be improved and enhanced
  • new development on sites located around the railway station will make a significant contribution in this regard
  • there are no current plans to relocate the City bus station to Temple Meads and Light Rail Transit connectivity has now been overtaken by the provision of expanded heavy rail services and Bus Rapid Transit
  • improvement of roads (Rapid Transit Network) and cycle paths (Bath Cycle Road)
319
Q

What is an Enterprise Zone?

A
  • zone encourages economic growths and creates jobs (quarternary sector)
  • offers hand of incentives to businesses to move to the area inc. business rate relief
  • low rents and easier planning procedures
320
Q

Key Challenges of Avon Riverside (in Bristol):

A
  • enabling a sense of riverside linear park along the river corridor
  • achieving continuous, traffic-free, riverside walking and cycling routes and establishing access of key routes
  • making the most of large scale tree planting where constrained by development
  • improving the experience and safety of walking and cycling between Temple Gate and Three Lamps Junction
  • establishing waterfront spaces that punctuate and bring interest and exploit viewpoints at intervals along paths
  • creating an attractive environment where paths pass beneath bridges, or become pinched by development close to banks
  • protecting valuable wildlife habitat, whilst seeking to reinforce ecological linkage and improve public access and enjoyment
321
Q

Strengths of Avon Riverside (in Bristol):

A
  • significant existing green infrastructure, including established vegetation and valuable wildlife habitat within the river corridor
  • riverside landscape character within an urban area
  • tidal regime maintaining dynamic ecological system and supporting wildlife diversity
  • elevated and varied topography giving extensive views across the City towards the station
322
Q

Opportunities of Avon Riverside (in Bristol):

A
  • maximising continuous riverside access for walking and cycling, with optimum linkages to streets either side, and Sparks Evans Park at the east end of the north bank
  • new bridge across River Avon - gives access to new Bristol area
  • ecological enhancement through reinforcement of links in habitats
  • enhancement of the A4, Bath Road streetscape, including tree planting either side to further frame the street, and raising the quality of boundary treatments
  • a tree-lined pedestrian and cycle friendly public realm between Temple Gate and the planned Arena site
  • enabling Totterdown basin, as a pivotal point within TQEZ’s watercourse associated green corridors, to provide diversity for wildlife and people alike
323
Q

Key Challenges of Silverthorne Lane (in Bristol):

A
  • making most of the public realm opportunities within the character area historically associated with dense built development
  • improving natural surveillance in an area typified by high stone walls and traditional industrial frontages
  • calming vehicle traffic in tightly constrained streets with high levels of commercial vehicle movement
  • introducing new street tree infrastructure to frame and coordinate development sites and their streets
  • enabling both side of the Feeder to function as a primary waterfront link
  • integration of trees and appropriate vegetation into a historically hard landscape area
  • improving the environment of pedestrian links into the area beneath the railways from the surrounding areas
324
Q

Strengths of Silverthorne Lane (in Bristol):

A
  • contains a historic industrial townscape, rich in peanut sandstone boundary walling and surviving buildings and features
  • the Feeder Canal and the Floating Harbour strongly define the character of the southern edges of this area
325
Q

Opportunities of Silverthorne Lane (in Bristol):

A
  • creating a new north-south facing cycling bridge
  • improving the street character of Feeder Road
  • conserving and integrating the distinctive historic character of the surviving industrial buildings and peanut sandstone boundary walls
  • improve the experience of using the Avon Street and Gas Lane tunnel links through creative public realm changes
  • link across the Feeder integrate large-scale new formal tree planting too often and enrich the industrial character
  • achieving new spaces and links along the Feeder Canal related to new development
  • use of public realm materials that reflect and reinforce the area’s industrial heritage and character
  • new pedestrians and cycle links to Temple Meads station through the Cattle market road site
326
Q

When is Bristol Arena due to open?

A

due to open in 2024

327
Q

What is the plan for Bristol Arena?

A
  • allow for a smaller capacity theatre-style events with seating for 4,000 people
  • can also be used for major conventions with seating for 12,000 people
328
Q

Why is Bristol Arena so important for the success of the regeneration project?

A
  • UK’s thirds largest area space will bring world-class events to Bristol
    • opens in 2024
    • will host cultural, sport and music events
    • brings 500 jobs and £1.5 bn boost to local economy
329
Q

How will accommodation be provided to University students in Bristol?

A
  • the University of Bristol is to make use of an abandoned Royal Mail sorting office to build new campus for teaching and research in digital technology as well as accommodation for 1500 students
  • this will be a new innovation model based on the successful Engine Shed model
330
Q

What is Brunel’s Engine Shed (in Bristol) an example of?

A

re-use of a listed historical building

331
Q

How is Brunel’s Engine Shed (in Bristol) being developed?

A
  • the new £1.7mn Innovation centre is being developed in Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s historic engine shed at Temple Meads Station
  • the new centre is home to hi-tech, creative and low-carbon sector companies
332
Q

How will Brunel’s Engine Shed add to Bristol’s importance as major UK hi-tech centre?

A
  • 18 micro-electronics, media and digital production companies
  • a further 44 companies who use the facilities
  • a company developing the next generation of WiFi
  • the use of super fast broadband as art of the Bristol Gigabit project

AQA GCSE Geography (45 decks)

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