31 Inflammation (Signs & Stages) Flashcards
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation, and what causes them?
heat - vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
redness - vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
swelling / oedema - vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
pain - oedema: places pressure on local nociceptors
what are the two types of inflammatory mediators?
vasoactive - act on blood vessels (first stage of acute inflammation)
chemotactic - act on cells (second stage of acute inflammation)
what are the 5 steps of an inflammatory response?
cell / tissue trauma occurs
immune cells are activated
inflammatory mediators are synthesized and released
acute inflammation (stage 1 vascular and 2 chemotactic)
chronic inflammation (if healing has not occurred)
what are the 2 stages of acute inflammation?
stage 1: vascular
stage 2: chemotactic
which 4 cells are involved in acute inflammation?
platelets: aggregate and release inflammatory substances
mast cells:
secrete inflammatory mediators
located in loose CT in the skin
basophils:
secrete inflammatory mediators
located in the blood
neutrophils: phagocytic
ingest and kill microbes
type of white blood cell (produced in bone marrow)
which 4 cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
T lymphocytes - read antigens presented by macrophages, activate B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes: produce specific antigens to attack antibodies
macrophage: phagocytic (replace neutrophils), release inflammatory mediators, release growth factors
type of white blood cell (produced in bone marrow)
fibroblasts: produce collagen to replace dead tissue cells (fibrosis)
how long does acute inflammation and chronic inflammation last?
acute: up to 2 weeks
chronic: 2-6 weeks and over
what happens in acute inflammation?
stage 1: vascular phase
vasodilation: dilation of blood vessels, increases blood flow to tissues
increased vascular permeability: allows fluid to exit blood vessels into tissues easily, delivery of WBCs, nutrients and plasma proteins
stage 2: chemotactic phase
what are the signs of chronic inflammation?
neutrophils replaced by macrophages
infiltration of lymphocytes (T and B)
fibroblasts arrive and fibrosis occurs
healing and inflammation occur at the same time
proliferation of small blood vessels
what are the 4 cells involved in acute inflammation, and the 4 cells involved in chronic inflammation?
acute: neutrophils mast cells basophils platelets
chronic: macrophages T lymphocytes B lymphocytes fibroblasts
what are cytokines?
inflammatory mediators released in acute and chronic inflammation
cell-to-cell communication
can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory
which type of immune systsem is acute inflammation, and which type is chronic?
acute: innate immune system
chronic: adaptive immune system
