31. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH Flashcards
1
Q
- Is Medicine inherently experimental?
A
- yes
- according to the WMA Medical Ethics Manual
- these experiments have to be carried out in order to
see which treatments and mechanisms work
2
Q
- What do Medical experiments focus on?
A
- they look at the functioning of the human body
- they look at the causes of diseases
- they look at ways to prevent or cure diseases
3
Q
- What is the role of the Physician when it comes to Medical Research?
A
- they care for the patient
- they look after the health and well-being of the patient
4
Q
- What is the Researcher’s role in Medical Research?
A
- they are responsible for generating knowledge
- they may not always be able to promote the health of
the patient
5
Q
- What clinical areas does Medical Research focus on?
A
- Disease Knowledge
- Patterns of Diseases
- Treatments
- Vaccines
- Drug Development
6
Q
- What lifestyle areas does Medical Research focus on?
A
- BIO-PSYCHO SOCIAL ASPECTS
- these are the life experiences of the patient - LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS
- these are the interactions that happen between the
doctor and the patient
- it focuses on the care and disease regimes - HEALTH SYSTEMS
- these look at the structural factors of any health
system
7
Q
- What are the aims of Medical Research?
A
- Increase the length of a patient’s life
- Increase the quality of a patient’s life
- Alleviate suffering and pain of the patient
- Address the patient’s perspective
- Improve the experiences of care
8
Q
- What is a large humanitarian issue when it comes to Medical Research?
A
- it has used and abused people in the past
- it has a dark history of experimentation
- certain research was considered unethical
- this is because it cruelly experimented on the
participants
9
Q
- What can be said about Medical Research in the 19th and 20th Century?
A
- there were experiments that were done on patient’s
without their consent - research was done that clearly violated fundamental
human rights
10
Q
- What lead to the necessary definition of Ethical Guidelines for Medical Research?
A
- the public outrage
- this was aimed at the human right violations that
occurred during research experiments
11
Q
- What are two very prominent examples of gross human rights violations that occurred in the name of Medical Research?
A
- Mengele’s Experiments during WWII
- Tuskegee Syphillis Study
12
Q
- What happened with Mengele’s Experiments during WWII?
A
- Mengele was a Nazi doctor
- he believed thoroughly in the Aryan ideology and racial
purity - he was known as the Angel of Death
- he used innocent Jewish citizens in his cruel and
unethical experiments - Mengele’s research was focused in genetics and
eugenics - Mengele particularly tended to use identical Jewish
twins that were imprisoned in Auschwitz - he believed that they allowed him the opportunity to
experiment on one and compare them to the other
13
Q
- What was the Nuremberg Code?
A
- this was legislation that was released and implemented
in 1947 - it was written after the medical atrocities committed by
Mengele during WWII to ensure that nothing like this
would happen again
14
Q
- What are the 10 principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code?
A
- THE VOLUNTARY CONSENT
- of the human subject is absolutely essential - THE EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE SUCH
- as to yield fruitful results for the good of society - THE ANTICIPATED RESULTS WILL JUSTIFY
- the performance of the experiment - THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED
- to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental
suffering - and injury
- to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental
- NO EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED
- where there is a prior reason to believe that death or
disability will occur for the participants - THE DEGREE OF RISK TO BE TAKEN
- should never exceed the humanitarian importance of
the problem to be solved - PROPER PREPARATIONS
- should be made
- adequate facilities should be provided to protect the
experimental participant - THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED
- only by scientifically qualified personnel - DURING THE COURSE OF THE EXPERIMENT
- the human subject have the liberty to bring the
experiment to an end - THE SCIENTIST IN CHARGE
- must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any
stage
15
Q
- What happened during the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
A
- 600 participants were recruited from African-American
origin - the doctors has run tests on these individuals and
come to the conclusion that they were suffering with
Syphilis - the participants were not informed of their condition
- they were given no help or treatment by the doctors
- the doctors simply watched the disease progress
- to conduct research on the nature of Syphilis
