28. ORGAN DONATION SYSTEMS Flashcards
1
Q
- What are the 5 kinds of Organ Donation Systems?
A
- Opt-in System
- Opt-out System
- Mandated Choice System
- Benefits in Kind System
- Market
2
Q
- Define an “Opt-in” system.
A
- people must actively join the register to be an organ
donor
3
Q
- What kind of organ donation system did the UK used to operate in until early 2020?
A
- an Opt-in system
4
Q
- Define an “Opt-out” system.
A
- people must actively remove themselves from the
register - in order to not be considered an Organ donor
NB:
- all individuals are initially considered organ donors
5
Q
- Define a “Mandated Choice” system.
A
- people must record their wishes with regards to organ
donation - this is with regards to what should happen to their
organs after death
EXAMPLE:
- filing out a form when you get your driver’s license
6
Q
- Define a “Benefit in Kind” system.
A
- those who register as organ donors are often
reimbursed with health insurance - they are also made a priority for receiving an organ if
they are in need of one
7
Q
- What does the Human Tissue act of 2004 state?
A
- organs and tissues will be donated after death if the
individual is on the NHS Organ Donor Register - organs and tissues will be donated if the individual
expresses their personal wishes through other means
8
Q
- How do organ donation rates in the UK appear at current?
A
- they are relatively static
9
Q
- What is the New UK Organ Donation Bill?
A
- it is called the Deemed Consent Bill
- it was put into place in May 2020
IT OUTLINES THAT:
- everyone is considered willing to donate their organs
after they die
- unless they have recorded the decision not to
10
Q
- How exactly is the UK Deemed Consent Organ Donation Bill stated?
A
- all adults in England are considered potential donors
- unless they have recorded a decision not to donate to
the NHS Organ Donation Register - or is they are in in a specific group
11
Q
- What are the specific groups that are not considered part of the UK Deemed Consent Organ Donation Bill?
A
- Individuals who are under the age of 18
- Those who lack the mental capacity to understand the
Deemed Consent Bill
- they cannot take action - Visitors to England
- individuals who do not live in the UK voluntarily - People who have lived in the UK for less than 12
months before the time of their death
12
Q
- Consider the following case.
What can be observed?
A
- this is a soft Opt-in system
THIS SITUATION LOOKS AT:
- ethical considerations
- legal issues
- family involvement
13
Q
- What kind of Opt-in and Opt-out systems can we have?
A
- we can have soft and hard systems
- these indicate the severity of the protocols in place
14
Q
- What are the Ethical Considerations in this case?
A
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Non-Maleficence
- Decision-Making
15
Q
- What are the Legal Issues in this case?
A
- Organ Donation Systems
- Donor Registry
- Opt-in system
16
Q
- What Family Involvement is prevalent in this case?
A
- the presence of soft or hard system
IN THIS CASE WE HAVE A SOFT SYSTEM:
- the family’s input is taken into consideration when it
comes to determining the patient’s wishes
17
Q
- What can be said about the stance that UK citizens have on their country’s Presumed Consent Opt-out system?
A
- 81% of the people support Organ Donation
- 36% of the people have voluntarily opted in to be
donors - 63% of families agree to organ donation
- some people would not want to donate
- some families feel that it will burden them
18
Q
- What presumption is made in the case of the Presumed Consent Opt-Out system?
A
- it is presumed that majority of the individuals wish to
be donors
A PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WILL BE WRONGED:
- if they are made to be organ donors against their will
- their autonomy is violated
19
Q
- Which kind of Organ Donation System has the highest rate of Organ Donations on average?
A
- the Opt-out system
20
Q
- What are the arguments against the Presumed Consent Opt-out system?
A
- APPLYING PRESUMED CONSENT
- means than an organ is no longer a gift or donation
- it is now something that has been taken from the
dead - SOME PATIENTS DO NOT WISH TO DONATE THEIR
ORGANS- but they might not have been able to opt out
- COUNTRIES WITH OPT-OUT SYSTEMS
- do not automatically have high rates of donation - IN A HARD OPT-OUT SYSTEM
- families are not asked about the donation
- this puts additional stress on them while they are
already grieving
21
Q
- What can be said about the Presumed Consent Opt-out system in Spain?
A
- it is successful
- it has been in place since 1979
- donation rates started to increased in the 1990s
22
Q
- What has resulted in the high organ donation rate in Spain?
A
- the high number of ICU beds
- the large number of transplant centres and surgeons
- the economic reimbursement incentives in hospitals
- the proactive doctor detection program
- the Catholic church
23
Q
- How does the Catholic church assists in increasing the Organ donation rates in Spain?
A
- it advocates for the donation
- as long as the procedure respects human life and
human dignity
24
Q
- What was a serious problem in Israel in 2008?
A
- organ donation
- Israeli citizens often had to look abroad to receive
transplants
25
Q
- What new policy did the Israeli Government design in 2008?
A
- the Organ Transplant Act
- it took effect in January of 2010
26
Q
- What did the Israeli Organ Transplant Act focus on?
A
- it focused on using a Priority and Reimbursement
System
27
Q
- What is a Priority and Reimbursement system?
A
- people who sign up to the organ donation register are
given priority on the transplant list - if they require an organ themselves in the future
NB:
- they are also financially reimbursed for medical
expenses and lost work
28
Q
- What were the advantages of the Israeli Organ Transplant Act?
A
- a significant impact was felt almost immediately
BY 2011 AND 2013:
- the number of Israeli living organ donors increased by
67%
