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MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS > 28. ORGAN DONATION SYSTEMS > Flashcards

28. ORGAN DONATION SYSTEMS Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What are the 5 kinds of Organ Donation Systems?
A
  1. Opt-in System
  2. Opt-out System
  3. Mandated Choice System
  4. Benefits in Kind System
  5. Market
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2
Q
  1. Define an “Opt-in” system.
A
  • people must actively join the register to be an organ
    donor
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3
Q
  1. What kind of organ donation system did the UK used to operate in until early 2020?
A
  • an Opt-in system
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4
Q
  1. Define an “Opt-out” system.
A
  • people must actively remove themselves from the
    register
  • in order to not be considered an Organ donor

NB:
- all individuals are initially considered organ donors

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5
Q
  1. Define a “Mandated Choice” system.
A
  • people must record their wishes with regards to organ
    donation
  • this is with regards to what should happen to their
    organs after death

EXAMPLE:
- filing out a form when you get your driver’s license

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6
Q
  1. Define a “Benefit in Kind” system.
A
  • those who register as organ donors are often
    reimbursed with health insurance
  • they are also made a priority for receiving an organ if
    they are in need of one
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7
Q
  1. What does the Human Tissue act of 2004 state?
A
  • organs and tissues will be donated after death if the
    individual is on the NHS Organ Donor Register
  • organs and tissues will be donated if the individual
    expresses their personal wishes through other means
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8
Q
  1. How do organ donation rates in the UK appear at current?
A
  • they are relatively static
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9
Q
  1. What is the New UK Organ Donation Bill?
A
  • it is called the Deemed Consent Bill
  • it was put into place in May 2020

IT OUTLINES THAT:
- everyone is considered willing to donate their organs
after they die
- unless they have recorded the decision not to

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10
Q
  1. How exactly is the UK Deemed Consent Organ Donation Bill stated?
A
  • all adults in England are considered potential donors
  • unless they have recorded a decision not to donate to
    the NHS Organ Donation Register
  • or is they are in in a specific group
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11
Q
  1. What are the specific groups that are not considered part of the UK Deemed Consent Organ Donation Bill?
A
  1. Individuals who are under the age of 18
  2. Those who lack the mental capacity to understand the
    Deemed Consent Bill
    - they cannot take action
  3. Visitors to England
    - individuals who do not live in the UK voluntarily
  4. People who have lived in the UK for less than 12
    months before the time of their death
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12
Q
  1. Consider the following case.
    What can be observed?
A
  • this is a soft Opt-in system

THIS SITUATION LOOKS AT:
- ethical considerations
- legal issues
- family involvement

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13
Q
  1. What kind of Opt-in and Opt-out systems can we have?
A
  • we can have soft and hard systems
  • these indicate the severity of the protocols in place
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14
Q
  1. What are the Ethical Considerations in this case?
A
  • Autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Non-Maleficence
  • Decision-Making
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15
Q
  1. What are the Legal Issues in this case?
A
  • Organ Donation Systems
  • Donor Registry
  • Opt-in system
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16
Q
  1. What Family Involvement is prevalent in this case?
A
  • the presence of soft or hard system

IN THIS CASE WE HAVE A SOFT SYSTEM:
- the family’s input is taken into consideration when it
comes to determining the patient’s wishes

17
Q
  1. What can be said about the stance that UK citizens have on their country’s Presumed Consent Opt-out system?
A
  • 81% of the people support Organ Donation
  • 36% of the people have voluntarily opted in to be
    donors
  • 63% of families agree to organ donation
  • some people would not want to donate
  • some families feel that it will burden them
18
Q
  1. What presumption is made in the case of the Presumed Consent Opt-Out system?
A
  • it is presumed that majority of the individuals wish to
    be donors

A PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WILL BE WRONGED:
- if they are made to be organ donors against their will
- their autonomy is violated

19
Q
  1. Which kind of Organ Donation System has the highest rate of Organ Donations on average?
A
  • the Opt-out system
20
Q
  1. What are the arguments against the Presumed Consent Opt-out system?
A
  1. APPLYING PRESUMED CONSENT
    - means than an organ is no longer a gift or donation
    - it is now something that has been taken from the
    dead
  2. SOME PATIENTS DO NOT WISH TO DONATE THEIR
    ORGANS
    • but they might not have been able to opt out
  3. COUNTRIES WITH OPT-OUT SYSTEMS
    - do not automatically have high rates of donation
  4. IN A HARD OPT-OUT SYSTEM
    - families are not asked about the donation
    - this puts additional stress on them while they are
    already grieving
21
Q
  1. What can be said about the Presumed Consent Opt-out system in Spain?
A
  • it is successful
  • it has been in place since 1979
  • donation rates started to increased in the 1990s
22
Q
  1. What has resulted in the high organ donation rate in Spain?
A
  • the high number of ICU beds
  • the large number of transplant centres and surgeons
  • the economic reimbursement incentives in hospitals
  • the proactive doctor detection program
  • the Catholic church
23
Q
  1. How does the Catholic church assists in increasing the Organ donation rates in Spain?
A
  • it advocates for the donation
  • as long as the procedure respects human life and
    human dignity
24
Q
  1. What was a serious problem in Israel in 2008?
A
  • organ donation
  • Israeli citizens often had to look abroad to receive
    transplants
25
Q
  1. What new policy did the Israeli Government design in 2008?
A
  • the Organ Transplant Act
  • it took effect in January of 2010
26
Q
  1. What did the Israeli Organ Transplant Act focus on?
A
  • it focused on using a Priority and Reimbursement
    System
27
Q
  1. What is a Priority and Reimbursement system?
A
  • people who sign up to the organ donation register are
    given priority on the transplant list
  • if they require an organ themselves in the future

NB:
- they are also financially reimbursed for medical
expenses and lost work

28
Q
  1. What were the advantages of the Israeli Organ Transplant Act?
A
  • a significant impact was felt almost immediately

BY 2011 AND 2013:
- the number of Israeli living organ donors increased by
67%

MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS (36 decks)

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