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MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS > 27. TYPES OF ORGAN DONATION > Flashcards

27. TYPES OF ORGAN DONATION Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What are the two types of Organ donation when it comes to the distribution of the Organs?
A
  1. Paired Donation
  2. Pooled Donation
    (Donated Chain)
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2
Q
  1. Give an example explaining Paired Donation?
A
  • Potential Donor 1 and Potential Recipient 2 are in a
    relationship
  • they are not genetically compatible
  • Potential Donor 3 and Potential Recipient 4 are in a
    relationship
  • they are not genetically compatible

IN ORDER TO SOLVE THIS ISSUE:
- Potential Donor 1 is compatible with Potential
Recipient 4
- Potential Donor 2 is compatible with Potential
Recipient 3
- the two of compatible donors can donate their
organs to the two compatible recipients

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3
Q
  1. What is Pooled Donation?
A
  • this is known as a donated chain
  • it is when you have pairs of individuals involved in
    organ swapping
  • there are more than just 2 pairs involved
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4
Q
  1. When it comes to the directness of Organ Donation, what types are there?
A
  1. Non-directed Donation
  2. Directed Donation
  3. Conditional Donation
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5
Q
  1. What is a Non-directed donation?
A
  • a person will offer to donate an organ to anyone who
    might benefit
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6
Q
  1. What is a Directed Donation?
A
  • this is when a person agrees to donate their organs
  • ONLY if they are allocated to a specific recipient

THIS IS OFTEN THE CASE:
- with next-of-kin relationships

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7
Q
  1. What is Conditional Donation?
A
  • this is when a person agrees to donate organs
  • on the condition that they are allocated to a specific
    type of recipient
  • these organs are also withheld from specific types of
    recipients
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8
Q
  1. What kind of Donation can be seen in this article?
A
  • Conditional Donation

THIS OCCURRED IN THE UK IN 1998:
- a white man’s next-of-kin specified that his organs
could not be allocated to any other race but white

THE ORGANS:
- were accepted
- they were allocated to only white recipients
- they saved and improved several lives

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9
Q
  1. What is the current stance on Conditional Donations in the UK?
A
  • all conditional deceased donations should we
    prohibited
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10
Q
  1. What policy was released in 2010, in the UK, regarding Conditional Donations?
A
  • a policy that distinguishes between conditional
    donation and requests for directed allocation
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11
Q
  1. Define: “requests for directed allocation”.
A
  • this allocation is to specific recipients
  • these recipients have a qualifying relationship with the
    donor
  • they are either family members or close friends
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12
Q
  1. What two criteria need to be met for an organ to be donated based on the “requests for directed allocation”?
A
  1. THE AGREEMENT TO DONATE
    • is not conditional on the request being granted
  2. GRANTING THE REQUEST
    - would not deprive a very urgent recipient of receiving
    a life-saving transplant
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13
Q
  1. What is the current stance on Conditional Donations in the US?
A
  • there is a Life Sharers Organisation
  • it allows for people to register as donors
  • they can request that their organs are first donated to
    the other members of the Life Sharers organisation

THIS IS SIMILAIR:
- to a directed donation

POTENTIAL RECIPIENTS ARE PRIORITISED:
- by the donor
- this is not based on a pre-existing relationship
- this is because they are members of the same
organisation

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14
Q
  1. What is a primary ethical issue with Living Organ donation?
A
  • many more people are willing to receive organs
  • rather than to donate them
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15
Q
  1. What is a primary ethical issue with Cadaveric Organ Donation?
A
  • the definition of death is subjective
  • ownership of the body is questioned
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16
Q
  1. What is a primary ethical issue with Xenotransplantation?
A
  • there is a concern of mixing of the species
  • there is a risk of transferring diseases from animals to
    humans
17
Q
  1. How many patients received a transplant in Europe in 2021?
A
  • 36 000
18
Q
  1. How many new patients were registered on the Transplant Waiting list in Europe in 2021?
A
  • 41 000

NB:
- there are 5 new patients added to this list every hour

19
Q
  1. How many people were donors in Europe in 2021?
A
  • 20 000
20
Q
  1. How many people died on the Organ Waiting list in Europe in 2021?
A
  • 7 000
21
Q
  1. What happened with regards to Organ Donation during the Covid-19 pandemic?
A
  • there was a considerable decline in the number of
    organ transplants since the start of the pandemic

THIS IS BECAUSE:
- the medical world did not use the organs from those
who died of Covid 19 or were infected by it
- this is because the virus was unknown
- there was no way of knowing whether the organs were
capable of transferring it during transplants
- medical staff and patients were also very
overwhelmed by the pandemic

MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS (36 decks)

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