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MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS > 2. ETHICAL REASONING > Flashcards

2. ETHICAL REASONING Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Answer the following question.
A
  • A
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2
Q
  1. Answer the following question.
A
  • A
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3
Q
  1. What are 7 reasons as to why we need an Ethical code in Medicine?
A
  1. To help resolve disputes between:
    family, patients, physicians and other parties
  2. To adhere to professional duty and maintain a clear
    conscience
  3. To identify an ethical challenge and not make yourself
    look uninformed
  4. To maintain the respect of your patients
  5. To maintain respectful relationships with other
    clinicians
  6. To maintain some efficiency in decision making and
    the care process
  7. To reduce burnout
    (this is because the Physician can have values that go
    against the values of the organisation)
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4
Q
  1. What 8 negative situations can happen in the absence of Ethics?
A
  1. Ethical Violations
  2. Medical Errors
  3. The patient feeling that their dignity is not respected
    (the patient feels that they are not heard)
  4. There is a lack of trust in the doctor-patient
    relationships
    (this leads to a lack of trust in the profession)
  5. There is a lack of adherence to the treatment
  6. There is a conflict of interests
  7. Patients can experience physical, emotional and
    financial injuries
    (this is caused by inappropriate medical behaviour)
  8. Doctors can withhold treatment
    Or they can promote unnecessary treatments
    (this is to meet personal or institutional interests)
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5
Q
  1. What are the 3 aspects of Ethics in Medicine?
A
  1. An ethical code for practice
  2. A corpus for Professional Guidelines
  3. A way of reasoning that promotes human good
    and that reflects a virtuous practitioner
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6
Q
  1. What are the 3 Core Values in Medicine and Medical Ethics?
A
  1. Compassion
  2. Competence
  3. Autonomy
    (Self-determination)
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7
Q
  1. What is Compassion?
A
  • it is a concern for a patient’s condition and distress
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8
Q
  1. What is Competence?
A

COMPETENCE CAN BE SHOWN IN:
- technology
- science
- culture
- ethics

COMPETENCE:
- is the ability to do something efficiently and
successfully

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9
Q
  1. What is Autonomy (Self-Determination)?
A
  • it is your individual decision-making procedures
  • it is also how you make decisions in a collective setting
  • it is the quality of being self-governing
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10
Q
  1. What is the Hippocratic Oath?
A
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11
Q
  1. Who was the Hippocratic Oath named after?
A
  • Hippocrates
  • he lived during 460 BC- 370 BC
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12
Q
  1. What happened in 400 BCE with regards to the Hippocratic Oath?
A
  • it first appeared
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13
Q
  1. What happened in the 1500s with regards to the Hippocratic Oath?
A
  • it was rediscovered by German Medieval Scholars
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14
Q
  1. What happened in the 1700s with regards to the Hippocratic Oath?
A
  • it was translated to English
  • this Oath was incorporated into Western Medicine
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15
Q
  1. What happened in 1948 with regards to the Hippocratic Oath?
A
  • it was adopted by the World Medical Association
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16
Q
  1. What happened in 1964 with regards to the Hippocratic Oath?
A
  • the Oath was re-written by Louis Lasagna
  • this re-written oath has been adopted by many
    medical schools
17
Q
  1. Why was the Hippocratic Oath specifically written?
A
  • it was written to prevent self interested doctors from
    harming individual patients in ancient times
18
Q
  1. What are two Contemporary Challenges associated with the Hippocratic Oath and Ethics?
A
  1. Abortion
  2. Physician-Assisted Suicide
19
Q
  1. What is one extreme, polarised ethical stance on Abortion and Physician-Assisted suicide?
A

THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION:
- euthanasia being permissible,
- abandoned embryos used for experimentation,
- selection and destruction of embryos
- sterilisation
- all pose a threat to Hippocratic medicine
- this does not align with the total defence of life

20
Q
  1. How has the Hippocratic Oath been edited to fit modern times?
A
  • Abortion is now permitted
  • it should be done within a legal and ethical framework
21
Q
  1. What is the Declaration of Geneva?
A
22
Q
  1. How would we define “Law”.
A
  • this consists of regulations and principles in a
    community
  • these are established by some authority
  • they are applicable to the people of the community

THESE REGULATIONS AND PRINCIPLES:
- can be in the form of legislation
- there can also be custom policies that are recognised
- these policies are enforced by judicial decisions

23
Q
  1. What is meant by Medical Law?
A
  • these are standards that are established
  • there are also principles and procedures that are
    defined
  • these all outline how physicians are required to deal
    with ethical issues in patient care and research
24
Q
  1. What are 3 examples of Regulatory issues that Medical Practitioners are expected to know how to handle?
A
  1. Medical Licenses
  2. Monitoring and Regulation of Clinical Conduct
  3. Dealing with misconduct and malpractice
25
Q
  1. What is Civil Law?
A
  • this is the law that is concerned with the dealings
    between private individuals or groups
26
Q
  1. What is Criminal Law?
A
  • this is the law that is concerned with serious matters
  • these matters are serious enough to be considered
    offences against the whole community
27
Q
  1. What is Statute Law?
A
  • this is the law that refers to written laws
  • these written laws are decided by the legislature
  • they can also be decided by an other government
    agency (EG: Acts of Parliament)
  • these written laws are relatively difficult to change
28
Q
  1. What is Common Law?
A
  • this is the law that is based on precedent or the
    specific case
  • it is concerned with decisions made by the judges
  • this law is often more mallaeable
29
Q
  1. What kind of law do a majority of the cases associated with healthcare revolve around?
A
  • Civil Law

NB:
- some medical cases can be severe enough to become
Criminal Law cases
- such as death due to preventable events or negligence

30
Q
  1. What are Personal Ethics?
A
  • this refers to the ethical values and standards that a
    person identifies with
  • this is in respect to the people and situations that they
    deal with everyday
31
Q
  1. What are Professional Ethics?
A
  • this refers to the ethical guidelines and rules that a
    person must adhere to
  • this is in respect to their interactions and dealings in
    their professional life

MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS (36 decks)

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