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MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS > 21. REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

21. REPRODUCTION Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. When it comes to the right to reproduce, what two effects can this have?
A
  1. Positive
  2. Negative
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2
Q
  1. What is the Negative right to reproduce?
A
  • the individual has the freedom to decide whether to
    reproduce or not
  • there is no interference from the State
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3
Q
  1. What is the Positive right to reproduce?
A
  • the individual has the right to exercise reproductive
    decision-making
  • there is active assistance by the State
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4
Q
  1. What term does the word “Abortion” come from?
A
  • it comes from the Latin word “Abortio”
  • this means miscarriage
  • it can also mean a premature untimely birth
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5
Q
  1. What is an Abortion?
A
  • this is when we end a pregnancy prematurely
  • it is a termination of pregnancy (ToP)
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6
Q
  1. How can Abortions be conducted?
A
  • the woman can take specific medications
  • the woman can have a minor surgical procedure
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7
Q
  1. How many women will have an abortion in their lifetime?
A
  • one in three women
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8
Q
  1. Why is access to safe abortions important?
A
  • it helps to decrease the maternal mortality globally
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9
Q
  1. What is the stance on Abortion based on the older Laws in England and Wales?
A
  • Abortion is illegal
  • this is based on the Offences Against the Persons Act
    of 1861
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10
Q
  1. What does the Abortion Act of 1967 permit?
A
  • it permits doctors to perform abortions under certain
    circumstances
  • it does not decriminalise abortion in general
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11
Q
  1. What do several amendments, that are a part of the Human Embryology and Fertilisation Act of 1990, state?
A
  • they have stated that abortions can be legalised based
    on the Gestational Stages at which abortions can be
    performed
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12
Q
  1. What is the current legislative stance on Abortion in England and Wales?
A
  • an abortion can be lawfully carried out
  • if certain criteria are met
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13
Q
  1. What are the certain criteria with regards to how the abortion is done in the UK and Wales?
A
  1. THE ABORTION HAS TO BE CARRIED OUT ON
    APPROVED PREMISES
    • it has to be carried out in a hospital
    • or carried out in a licensed clinic
  2. THE ABORTION HAS TO BE PERFORMED
    • by a registered doctor
  3. THE ABORTION HAS TO BE APPROVED
    • by two doctors
  4. IN AN EMERGENCY
    • an abortion only needs to be approved and certified
      by the operating practitioner only
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14
Q
  1. What are the certain criteria with regards to when the Abortion can happen in the UK and Wales?
A
  1. THE ABORTION HAS TO HAPPEN PRIOR TO 24 WEEKS
    • it may only be allowed on the grounds of a risk to
      women’s mental or physical health
    • or if the pregnancy poses a risk to the existing
      children
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15
Q
  1. Can abortions ever be lawfully carried out after 24 weeks in the UK and Wales?
A
  • yes
  • in rare situations
  • abortions can be performed up to 40 weeks

THESE SITUATIONS INVOLVE:
- when the foetus has a severe disability
- to save the life of the pregnant woman
- prevent grave permanent injury to the woman’s
physical or mental health

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16
Q
  1. What rights does a woman have with regards to abortions in the UK and Wales?
A
  • a woman has the right to refuse an abortion
  • she does not have the right to demand an abortion
17
Q
  1. What legal rights does the father of the foetus have with regards to abortions in the UK and Wales?
A
  • the father has no legal rights to prevent a woman from
    having an abortion
18
Q
  1. What legal rights does the foetus have in the UK and Wales?
A
  • it has no legal rights
  • its legal status is determined by birth
19
Q
  1. What percentage of abortions are a result of the foetus having a serious handicap?
A
  • approximately 2%
20
Q
  1. What happened in 2001 regarding Reverend Joanna Jepson?
A
  • she sought a judicial review of a specific decision
  • this decision was for the police to not prosecute
    doctors in West Marcia
  • these doctors had conducted a 28-week Abortion
  • they used the disability criteria with regards to
    foetuses with cleft palates
21
Q
  1. What was the ruling made in 2005 with regards to the stance on what a severe abnormality is in terms of Abortions?
A
  • this criteria is not fully defined under the Abortion Act
  • doctors can apply a degree of discretion when taking
    the mother’s wishes into consideration
22
Q
  1. Who must the Abortions be notified to in the UK and Wales?
A
  • they must be notified to the CMO
  • this is the Chief Medical Officer
  • they must be notified within 14 days
  • this information will then be statistically recorded and
    analysed as data

MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS (36 decks)

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