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MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS > 11. CONSENT > Flashcards

11. CONSENT Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What is Consent?
A
  • it is the permission to do something
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2
Q
  1. What is Consent in terms of Health Care?
A
  • it is the voluntary agreement to treatment,
    examinations or other aspects of Health Care
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3
Q
  1. What is the ethical cornerstone of all Medical Interventions?
A
  • Consent
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4
Q
  1. What is a Paternalistic approach?
A
  • this was an approach that was very popular in the past
  • it is a situation in which the doctor makes the sole
    decision about the patient’s treatment
  • the patient then just agrees
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5
Q
  1. What are the benefits of a Patient-centred approach?
A
  • respect of patient autonomy
  • primary of consent
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6
Q
  1. What does the WMA Declaration on the rights of the patients state?
A
  • the patient has a right to self-determination
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7
Q
  1. What is meant by the right to Self-determination?
A
  • the patient has the right to make free decisions
    regarding themselves
  • the physician must inform the patient of the
    consequences of their decisions
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8
Q
  1. What does a mentally competent adult have the right to do?
A
  • they have the right to give or withhold consent to any
    diagnostic procedure
  • the patient has the right to access all the information
    necessary to make their decision
  • the patient should understand clearly what is the
    purpose of their treatment and tests
  • the patient should understand clearly what the result
    of the treatment would be
  • the patient should understand clearly what the
    implications of withholding consent are
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9
Q
  1. What does the patient have the right to refuse?
A
  • the patient has the right to refuse to participate in
    research
  • they have the right to refuse to be a part of the training
    of medicine
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10
Q
  1. What does the term: “consent” imply?
A
  • it is the waiving of our rights
  • it is permitting others to do things that they would
    otherwise not be allowed to do
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11
Q
  1. What are the aspects of informed consent in Medicine?
A
  • the acceptance of treatment
  • the choice amongst possible treatments
  • the refusal of treatment
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12
Q
  1. Read through this case.
    Should the operation go ahead?
A
  • NO
  • the patient does not realise what she has given
    permission for
  • the consent given by the patient is not valid
  • the patient did not have all the necessary information
    when she gave her consent
  • the patient did not understand the information given
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13
Q
  1. List 3 points that are necessary for consent to be valid.
A
  1. The consent has to be given by a patient who has the
    capacity to make decisions about their care
  2. The consent had to be voluntary
    • it has to be free from pressure, coercion or
      persuasion
  3. The patient has to be sufficiently informed before
    they give consent
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14
Q
  1. What are the 3 aspects of Informed Consent?
A
  1. Competence
  2. Voluntariness
  3. Information
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15
Q
  1. What does the P in PARQ stand for?
A
  1. P= PROCEDURE
    • what is the procedure for?
    • what does the procedure entail?
    • what will the procedure feel like?
    • what is the nature and the purpose of the treatment
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16
Q
  1. What does the A in PARQ stand for?
A
  1. A= ALTERNATIVES
    • no alternatives can also be included in this
17
Q
  1. What does the R in PARQ stand for?
A
  1. R= RISKS
    • these are the risks of the procedure / treatment
    • it includes the risk of doing nothing

NB:
- this will also outline the Benefits

18
Q
  1. What does the Q in PARQ stand for?
A
  1. Q= QUESTIONS
    • this includes checking the patient’s understanding
19
Q
  1. According to Professional Guidance, how should a medical practitioner go about discussing the risks of the treatment with a patient?
A
  • clear and accurate information should be presented to
    the patient about the risks
  • present the information in a way patients can
    understand
  • identify the adverse outcomes
  • outline the potential outcome of taking no action
20
Q
  1. List 3 forms of risks?
A
  1. Side Effects
  2. Complications
  3. Failure of an intervention to achieve the desired aim
21
Q
  1. What are the first 3 steps of the GMC Guidance when it comes to seeking consent?
A
  1. THE DIAGNOSIS
    - and the prognosis
  2. ANY UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT THE DIAGNOSIS OR
    PROGNOSIS
    • include options for further investigations
  3. OPTIONS FOR TREATING OR MANAGING THE
    CONDITION
    • this includes the option to not treat the patient
22
Q
  1. What are the next 3 steps (4-6) of the GMC Guidance when it comes to seeking consent?
A
  1. THE PURPOSE OF ANY PROPOSED INVESTIGATION OR
    TREATMENT
    - outlines what it will involve
  2. THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS, RISKS AND BURDENS
    • as well as the likelihood of success for each option
    • should be included in the information given to the
      patient
    • it should also be outlined whether the benefits and
      risks of the treatment are affected by the doctor or
      organisation providing the care
  3. WHETHER A PROPOSED INVESTIGATION OR
    TREATMENT IS PART OF A RESEARCH PROGRAMME
    • or if there is an innovative treatment designed
      specifically for the benefit of the patient
23
Q
  1. What are the next 3 steps (7-9) of the GMC Guidance when it comes to seeking consent?
A
  1. THE PEOPLE WHO WILL BE MAINLY RESPONSIBLE FOR
    THE PATIENT
    - as well as the people involved in the care of the
    patient
    - what their roles are
    - to which extent medical students can be involved
  2. THE PATIENTS RIGHT TO REFUSE
    • to take part in teaching or research
  3. THE PATIENT’S RIGHT TO SEEK A SECOND OPINION
24
Q
  1. What are the next 3 steps (10-12) of the GMC Guidance when it comes to seeking consent?
A
  1. THE PATIENT’S BILLS
    • that they have to pay
  2. ANY CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
    • that you, the organisation and the patient may have
  3. ANY TREATMENTS FROM ANOTHER SOURCE THAT
    YOU BELIEVE HAVE GREATER POTENTIAL BENEFIT
    • for the patient
    • than what you or your organisation can offer
25
Q
  1. What is one aspect that is necessary for Consent to be valid?
A
  • it has to be continuous
26
Q
  1. What are the 2 aspects of Continuous Consent?
A
  1. THE PATIENT SHOULD BE INFORMED
    - that they can change their mind at any time
  2. CONSENT SHOULD BE REPEATEDLY GAINED
    • in the course of the consultation
    • and in relation to specific procedures
    • EG: physical examinations or blood examinations
27
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of Consent?
A
  1. Explicit
  2. Implied
28
Q
  1. What is Explicit Consent?
A
  • this is also known as Expressed Consent
  • it is consent that is given when a patient actively agrees
    to the use or disclosure of information
  • the patient expressed verbal consent
  • the patient expressed written consent
29
Q
  1. What is Implied Consent?
A
  • this is the consent that refers to circumstances in
    which it would be reasonable to infer that the patient
    agrees to the use of information
  • even though the patient has not directly expressed this
30
Q

30.Does consent always have to be written down?

A
  • NO
  • but this documentation may provide evidence of the
    consent process
31
Q
  1. Read through this case.
    What should have been done in this situation?
A
  • the doctor needed to ask if the patient is okay with this
  • the doctor needed to introduce the Medical students
    to the patient
  • the doctor needed to ask if there are any limitations
    that the patient might have in this situation
32
Q
  1. What is necessary when it comes to the consent of the patient and Medical Students?
A
  • we have to seek consent from the patients to
    participate in the teaching or training that is essential
    in Clinical Education
  • this consent follows the same principles as seeking
    consent for treatment

MED 105- MEDICAL ETHICS (36 decks)

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