29. ORGAN MARKETS

Question 1

1. What is the disadvantage of the Black Market?

Answer 1

• these markets are illegal
• those who want to sell their organs can be lied to
• they can be duped to gain consent
• it preys on vulnerable people
• makes the underprivileged sacrifice their health
• those who give their kidneys can fail to be paid

Question 2

2. What was the Declaration of Istanbul of 2008 state about Black Markets?

Answer 2

• organ trafficking and transplant tourism violate specific
  principles
• it should be prohibited

THE VIOLATED PRINCIPLES ARE:
- equity
- justice
- respect for human dignity

Question 3

3. How are the poor at risk when it comes to Black Markets?

Answer 3

• they are exploited
• they can be exploited by the rich people on their own
  countries
• they can be exploited by transplant tourists from
  abroad

Question 4

4. How do Transplant Tourists subject themselves and donors to physical harm?

Answer 4

• the use and propagation of unregulated and illegal
  transplantations

Question 5

5. What does the Declaration of Istanbul want to prohibit?

Answer 5

• transplant commercialism
• transplant tourism
• organ trafficking

Question 6

6. What do the UK NHS Blood and Transplant Guidelines do?

Answer 6

• they guide the patient selection for the entry onto the
  waiting list
• they guide the allocation of organs amongst those
  on the waiting list

Question 7

7. What are the 4 aspects of the Restrictive Selection for Transplantation?

Answer 7

1. Conditions Associated with positive outcome
2. Clinical Criteria
3. Co-morbidities
4. Medical Conditions

Question 8

8. What are the key factors in Organ allocation?

Answer 8

• urgency
• chance of success
• age of donor
• difference in age and weight between the donor and
  the recipient
• proximity of patient to the medical centre

Question 9

9. What is Utility?

Answer 9

THIS IS THE BELIEF THAT AN ACTION OR PRACTICE ARE RIGHT IF THEY:
- promote more benefit than any alternative course of
action

Question 10

10. What are the aspects of Organ Donation related to Utility?

Answer 10

1. ALLOCATION SHOULD MAXIMISE THE ESTIMATED OVERALL GOOD:
   - it should be adjusted for any accompanying harms
   - all the possible benefits and harms should be taken
   into consideration
   - the quantity and probability of the various outcomes
   should be factored in

Question 11

11. What are the possible factors to consider when we look at Organ Donation and Utility?

Answer 11

• patient survival
• graft survival
• quality of life
• availability of alternative treatments
• age

Question 12

12. What factors do we not include when we look at who is eligible for Organ Donation?

Answer 12

• socioeconomic status
• career
• race
• education

Question 13

13. Define the principle of Justice.

Answer 13

• this is the equitable distribution of resources and
  treatment
• it focuses on equality
• it focuses on distributive justice

Question 14

14. What are the aspects of Organ Donation related to Justice?

Answer 14

• all people need to have equal rights to the benefits of
  transplantation
• this is regardless of their genetic makeup

Question 15

15. What are some example of someone’s Genetic Makeup?

Answer 15

• their race
• their age
• their gender
• their quality of life

Question 16

16. What is Justice in Organ Donation concerned with?

Answer 16

• it is concerned with the degree of good that is
  produced
• it is concerned with the way in which the good is
  distributed among potential beneficiaries

Question 17

17. How could we make Organ Distribution uphold the principle of Justice more?

Answer 17

• we can focus on how long the individual has been on
  the waiting list
• we can prioritise those who have been on the list the
  longest
• we can acknowledge those who have had exposure to
  foreign tissue
• this decreases their chances of finding a suitable organ