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PSYC 102 > 3-social textbook > Flashcards

3-social textbook Flashcards

1
Q

INTRAPERSONAL TOPICS

A

those that pertain to the individual
- Emotions and attitudes
- The self
- Social cognition
- Ways in which we think about ourselves and other

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2
Q

INTERPRSONAL TOPICS

A
  • those that pertain to dyads and groups
  • Helping behaviour
  • Aggression
  • Prejudice
  • Discrimination
  • Attraction and close relationships
  • Group processes and intergroup relationships
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3
Q

Halo effect

A

tendency to let the overall impression of an individual colour the way in which we feel about their character

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4
Q

Cross-cultural effect of fundamental attribution error

A
  • Individualistic culture – greatest tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error
  • Collectivistic culture – less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error
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5
Q

ACTOR-OBSERVER BIAS

A

phenomenon of attributing other people’s behaviour to internal factors while attributing our own behaviour to situational forces

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6
Q

ATTRIBUTION and the model of its parts

A
  • belief about the cause of an event
  • Locus of control - Internal vs external
  • Stability - Stable vs unstable (extent in which circumstances that result in a given outcome are changeable)
  • Controllability - Controllable vs uncontrollable (extent to which the circumstances that are associated with a given outcome can be controlled)
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7
Q

SELF-SERVING BIAS

A

tendency to expain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics but our failures as due to situational (external) factors

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8
Q

PERSUASION

A

The process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication

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9
Q

Yale attitude change approach

A

conditions under which ppl tend to change their attitudes:

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10
Q

what are the conditions where the yale attitude change approach happens

A
  • Certain features of the source of a persuasive message
    § Physical attractivenesscredibility
  • the content of the message
    § Subtlety
    § Sidededness
    § Timing
    § Whether both sides are rpesented
  • characteristics of the audience
    § Attention
    § Intelligence
    § Self-esteem
    - age
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11
Q

components of an attitude

A
  • Affective (feelings)
  • Behavioural
  • Cognitive (belief and knowledge)
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12
Q

Justification of effort

A

we value goals and achievements that we put a lot of effort into
- If something is difficult for us to achieve, we believe it is more worthwhile

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13
Q

Asch effect

A

influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment

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14
Q

causes of groupthink

A
  • When group is highly cohesive
  • Strong sense of connection
  • If group leader is directive and makes opinioons known, this may discourage group members from disagreeing with the leader
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15
Q

Symptoms of groups

A
  • Perceiving the group as invulnerable or invincible – believing it can do no wrong
  • Believing the group is morally correct
  • Self-censorship by group members, such as withholding information to avoid disrupting the group consensus
  • Quashing of the dissenting group members’ opinions
  • Shielding of the group leader from dissenting views
  • Perceiving an illusion of unanimity among group members
  • Holding stereotypes or negative attitudes toward the out-group or others’ with differing viewpoints
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16
Q

Social traps

A
  • situations that arise when individuals or groups of individuals behave in ways that are not in their best interest that may have negative, long-term consequences
  • Once establish, a social trap is very difficult to escape
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17
Q

Self-fufilling prophecy

A

expectation held by a person that alters their behaviour in a way that tends to make it true

18
Q

Prosocial behaviour

A

voluntary behaviour with the intent to help other people

19
Q

Homophily

A
  • tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar
  • Limites our exposure to diversity though
20
Q

liking

A

intimacy

21
Q

romantic love

A

passion + intimacy

22
Q

companionate love

A

intimacy + commitment

23
Q

comsummate love

A

intimacy + passion + commitment
considered to be the healthiest

24
Q

fatuous love

A

passion + commitment

25
Q

empty love

A

commitment

26
Q

infatuation

A

passion

27
Q

Social exchange theory

A
  • we act as naïve economists in keepina tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others
  • Ppl are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges or relationships and manimize the costs
28
Q

arguments about altruism’s motivations

A
  • Selfless, not motivated by benefits/feeling good about themselves
  • After heping, they DO feel good about themselves, but some reseearchers argue that this is a consequence of altruism, not a cause
  • Other researchers argue that helping is ALWAYS self-serving because our egos are involved
29
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A
  • tendnecy for no on in a group to help because the reponsibility to help is spread throughout the group
  • The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely any one person will help
30
Q

Social role

A
  • pattern of behaviour that is expect of a person in a given setting/group
    ○ Defined by culturally shared knowledge
31
Q

Social norm

A

group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behaviour for its members

32
Q

Script

A

person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a sepcific setting

33
Q

ZIMBARDO’S STANDFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT

A
  • Prisoner and guard roles
  • Guards started abusing their role in a sadistic manner
  • Prisoners started to show signs of severe anxiety and hopelessness
  • Experimented had to be ended after 6 days
34
Q

CRITICISMS!! for standford prison experiment

A
  • The way students were recruited may have impacted the outcome
  • Zimbardo provided specific guidelines of the types of behaviours that were expected of the guards
    § Created an expectations on the types of behaviours
    § Guards acted as they were expected to act
  • Attempts to replicate the study have not been successful
35
Q

Aggression

A

when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person

36
Q

types of aggression

A
  • hostile aggression
  • instrumental aggression
37
Q

Hostile aggression

A

motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

38
Q

instrumental aggression

A
  • motivated by achieving a goal
  • Does not necessarily involved intent to cause pain
39
Q

frustration aggression theory

A

When humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated and aggression

40
Q

Bullying

A

repeated negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, over time
○ Involves three parties
§ Bully
§ Victim
§ Witnesses/bystandards

PSYC 102 (14 decks)

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