2- lifespan theories Flashcards by Violet yes

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Sigmund freud
Personality develops during early childhood
Development is discontinuous
○ Everyone has to pass through a series of stages during childhood
○ If we lack proper nurturance and parenting during a stage, we may become stuck, or fixated, in that stage
we can take away from Freud’s theory is that personality is shaped, in some part, by experiences we have in childhood.

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stages of psychosexual development

children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development:
- oral,
- anal,
- phallic,
- Latency
- Genital

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PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Emphasizes the SOCIAL NATURE of our development rather than its sexual nature
Personality development takes place all through the lifespan!
How we interact with others is what affects our sense of self
○ Ego identity

erikson!!

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of development 1

0–1

Trust vs. mistrust

Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 2

1–3

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Develop a sense of independence in many tasks

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 3

3–6

Initiative vs. guilt

Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 4

7–11

Industry vs. inferiority

Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 5

12–18

Identity vs. confusion

Experiment with and develop identity and roles

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 6

19–29

Intimacy vs. isolation

Establish intimacy and relationships with others

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 7

30–64

Generativity vs. stagnation

Contribute to society and be part of a family

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 8

65–

Integrity vs. despair

Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

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COGNITIVE THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Jean piaget
Focused on children’s cognitive growth
Believed that thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are natureally inquisitve
○ Buuut they don’t think and reason like adults
Cognitive abilities develop through specific stages
○ Discontinuity approach to development
Children develop schemata to help them understand the world

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Assimilation

take info that is comparable to what they already know

we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas

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Accommodation

when they change their schemata based on new info

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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor

0–2

Sensorimotor

World experienced through senses and actions, Tools for thinking and reasoning change with development

Object permanence
Stranger anxiety

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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
preoperational

2–6

Preoperational

Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning, cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic
- e.g. conservation (cut apple = more apple?!?!?!?)

Pretend play
Egocentrism
Language development

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development concrete operational

7–11

Concrete operational

Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations
- Change in form, change in quantity, simple math and conservation (e.g. fractions)

Conservation
Mathematical transformations

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development formal operational

12–

Formal operational

Formal operations
Utilize abstract reasoning
Can think outside actual experience

Abstract logic
Moral reasoning

object permanence

which is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

5-8 months old

piaget

stranger anxiety

5-8 months
fear of unfamiliar people

conservation

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.

preoperational stage

egocentricism

the child is not able to take the perspective of others. A child at this stage thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do.

preoperational stage

reversibility

concrete operational stage
objects can be changed and then returned back to their og form/condition

modern thoughts about piaget?

nowadays, many developmental psychologists disagree with piaget
○ 5th stage!! Postformal stage
○ decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

Overall score: pretty good
- Stimulated global interest
- Milestones: backed up by research
- BUT it’s much more continuous / less discrete § And kids may be more competent
- Piaget’s participants: his own family!

SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

- Lev vygotsky - Russian psychologist - Human development is rooted in one's CULTURE - Child as apprentice (compared to Piaget) - Development stems from social world and language - Increasingly sophisticated language develops abilities, thoughts, abstractions - i.e. Language is a “scaffold” for thought - Some evidence to support (muttering and test performance)

Moral theory of development

- Kohlberg - Gave people a moral dilemma - After presenting people with this and various other moral dilemmas, Kohlberg reviewed people’s responses and placed them in different stages of moral reasoning

pre-conventional morality

(before age 9) Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards maximize rewards and avoid punishments stage 1: obedience and punishment: behaviour driven by avoiding punishment stage 2: individual interest: behaviour driven by self-interest and rewards

conventional morality

(early adolescence) Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order Kohlberg believed that most people were here level 2 stage 3: interpersonal: behaviour driven by social approval stage 4: authority: behaviour driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order

post-conventional morality

(adolescence and beyond) level 3 stage 5: social contract: behaviour driven by balance of social order and individual rights stage 6: universal ethics: behaviour driven by internal moral priniples

gilligan's thoughts about kohl bergs different stages of moral reasoning?

- Gilligan didn't like the fact that kohlberg said that women were dificient in their moral reasoning abilities ○ said that Girls and women focus more on staying connected and the importance of interpersonal relationships

scale errors

fail to take into account the size of things piaget

Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory

Overall score: pretty good - Stimulated global interest - Milestones: backed up by research - BUT it’s much more continuous / less discrete - And kids may be more competent - Piaget’s participants: his own family

Theory of mind

e.g. Sally-Anne test (Baron- Cohen, Leslie, and Frith 1985) - Develops between 31⁄2 and 41⁄2 years old - piaget - can be developmentally delayed Between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own.