2- lifespan theories Flashcards
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
- Sigmund freud
- Personality develops during early childhood
- Development is discontinuous
○ Everyone has to pass through a series of stages during childhood
○ If we lack proper nurturance and parenting during a stage, we may become stuck, or fixated, in that stage - we can take away from Freud’s theory is that personality is shaped, in some part, by experiences we have in childhood.
stages of psychosexual development
- children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development:
- oral,
- anal,
- phallic,
- Latency
- Genital
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
- Emphasizes the SOCIAL NATURE of our development rather than its sexual nature
- Personality development takes place all through the lifespan!
- How we interact with others is what affects our sense of self
○ Ego identity
erikson!!
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of development 1
0–1
Trust vs. mistrust
Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 2
1–3
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Develop a sense of independence in many tasks
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 3
3–6
Initiative vs. guilt
Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 4
7–11
Industry vs. inferiority
Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 5
12–18
Identity vs. confusion
Experiment with and develop identity and roles
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 6
19–29
Intimacy vs. isolation
Establish intimacy and relationships with others
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 7
30–64
Generativity vs. stagnation
Contribute to society and be part of a family
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 8
65–
Integrity vs. despair
Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions
COGNITIVE THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
- Jean piaget
- Focused on children’s cognitive growth
- Believed that thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are natureally inquisitve
○ Buuut they don’t think and reason like adults - Cognitive abilities develop through specific stages
○ Discontinuity approach to development - Children develop schemata to help them understand the world
Assimilation
take info that is comparable to what they already know
we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas
Accommodation
when they change their schemata based on new info
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
0–2
Sensorimotor
World experienced through senses and actions, Tools for thinking and reasoning change with development
Object permanence
Stranger anxiety
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
preoperational
2–6
Preoperational
Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning, cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic
- e.g. conservation (cut apple = more apple?!?!?!?)
Pretend play
Egocentrism
Language development
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development concrete operational
7–11
Concrete operational
Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations
- Change in form, change in quantity, simple math and conservation (e.g. fractions)
Conservation
Mathematical transformations
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development formal operational
12–
Formal operational
Formal operations
Utilize abstract reasoning
Can think outside actual experience
Abstract logic
Moral reasoning
object permanence
which is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
5-8 months old
piaget
stranger anxiety
5-8 months
fear of unfamiliar people
conservation
the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.
preoperational stage
egocentricism
the child is not able to take the perspective of others. A child at this stage thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do.
preoperational stage
reversibility
concrete operational stage
objects can be changed and then returned back to their og form/condition
modern thoughts about piaget?
nowadays, many developmental psychologists disagree with piaget
○ 5th stage!! Postformal stage
○ decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
Overall score: pretty good
- Stimulated global interest
- Milestones: backed up by research
- BUT it’s much more continuous / less discrete § And kids may be more competent
- Piaget’s participants: his own family!
SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
- Lev vygotsky
- Russian psychologist
- Human development is rooted in one’s CULTURE
- Child as apprentice (compared to Piaget)
- Development stems from social world
and language - Increasingly sophisticated language develops abilities, thoughts, abstractions
- i.e. Language is a “scaffold” for thought
- Some evidence to support (muttering and test performance)
Moral theory of development
- Kohlberg
- Gave people a moral dilemma
- After presenting people with this and various other moral dilemmas, Kohlberg reviewed people’s responses and placed them in different stages of moral reasoning
pre-conventional morality
(before age 9)
Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
maximize rewards and avoid punishments
stage 1: obedience and punishment: behaviour driven by avoiding punishment
stage 2: individual interest: behaviour driven by self-interest and rewards
conventional morality
(early adolescence)
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Kohlberg believed that most people were here
level 2
stage 3: interpersonal: behaviour driven by social approval
stage 4: authority: behaviour driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order
post-conventional morality
(adolescence and beyond)
level 3
stage 5: social contract: behaviour driven by balance of social order and individual rights
stage 6: universal ethics: behaviour driven by internal moral priniples
gilligan’s thoughts about kohl bergs different stages of moral reasoning?
- Gilligan didn’t like the fact that kohlberg said that women were dificient in their moral reasoning abilities
○ said that Girls and women focus more on staying connected and the importance of interpersonal relationships
scale errors
fail to take into account the size of things
piaget
Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory
Overall score: pretty good
- Stimulated global interest
- Milestones: backed up by research
- BUT it’s much more continuous / less discrete
- And kids may be more competent
- Piaget’s participants: his own family
Theory of mind
e.g. Sally-Anne test (Baron- Cohen, Leslie, and Frith 1985)
- Develops between 31⁄2 and 41⁄2 years old
- piaget
- can be developmentally delayed
Between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own.
