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PSYC 102 > 2- development adult > Flashcards

2- development adult Flashcards

1
Q

(developmental) psychology’s major issues

A
  • continuity and stages (continuous vs discrete) depends on framing
  • stability and change (stable vs changing)
  • nature AND nurture
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2
Q

nature and nurture

A
  • look at interaction between them! best way to study
  • poorly understood
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3
Q

heritability estimate

A

describes variance, not correlation
basically looks for the shared variance between IQ and genes

0.5

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4
Q

Piaget

A
  • infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
  • Worked at Binet’s school!
    - Also used his own kids!
  • believed that kids are not passive vessel but ACTIVE THINKERS
  • thought that children’s ability to understand objects was a cognitive skill that develops slowly as a child matures and interacts with the environment.
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5
Q

deprivation of attachment

A

Important note: we are resilient, we bounce back quickly
§ Higher risk for attachment problems, substance abuse, other poor outcomes (BUT see above)

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6
Q

Moral action for adolescents

A

Feeds moral attitudes
§ Mischel & marshmallows, again
§ i.e. self-control predicts future self-regulation
- actions shape our intuitions
- when thoughts =/= actions… actions win! cognitive dissonance

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7
Q

early adulthood physical development

A

physical benefits: muscle, health

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8
Q

middle adult physical development

A

biggest predictor of this is FITNESS LEVELS!!
- healthier brains when you’re older too!

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9
Q

Late adulthood physical development

A
  • late adulthood is a new psychological phenomenon
  • reaction and processing time slows down a little
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10
Q

aging and memory middle adulthood

A
  • active recall gets worse
  • buuuuuut recognition memory is the same
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11
Q

late adulthood aging and memory

A
  • more bias in how you process information
  • attend to irrelevant and meaningless information less but still good with meaningful and positive stimuli
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12
Q

end of life aging and memory

A

last 4 years of life
- decline in cognition and memory

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13
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • A neurocognitive disorder (NCD) Most common cause of dementia
  • Tremendous incidence in older adults
  • Occasional early onset from genetics, but otherwise no single gene associated with AD
  • No cure
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14
Q

early symptoms of AD

A

selective declines in memory

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15
Q

later symptoms of AD

A

confusion, irritability, anxiety,
deterioration of speech

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16
Q

Advanced stages of AD

A

difficulties with even simple responses or behaviours (e.g. swallowing, bladder control)

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17
Q

The defining characteristics of AD

A
  1. Brain volume decrease (at first is just loss of synapses)
  2. Neurofibrillary tangles
  3. Amyloid plaques
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18
Q

plaques

A

one of the earliest markers of AD
likely the end result of processes long processing in silence

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19
Q

Amyloid cascade hypothesis

A

plaques cause AD

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20
Q

Neurofibrillary (or tau) hypothesis

A

tangles cause AD
buuutttt they show up later than plaques so eh

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21
Q

Vascular hypothesis

A

blood flow-related
changes in blood flow are disruptive

22
Q

Pathogenic spread hypothesis

A

the idea that abnormal forms of disease-associated proteins, such as tau or α-synuclein, physically move from neuron to neuron to induce disease progression

23
Q

Gum disease hypothesis

A

well, the bacteria from it
well, microbial infections in general
high prevalence of gingivitis in brain

24
Q

Autoimmune hypothesis

A

maybe the proteins were originally a part of the immune system that are now attacking itself?
autoimmune!

25
Q

Marriage

A

Predictive of happiness, sexual satisfaction, income and mental health

26
Q

Divorce

A

Rates related to women’s autonomy, societal higher expectations, “trial marriage” / cohabitation

27
Q

wellbeing across the lifespan

A

Less anger
Less stress
Less worry
Fewer relationship problems Less reactivity to negativity (In some studies) Happier

28
Q

EMERGING ADULTHOOD

A
  • This is a relatively newly defined period of lifespan development spanning from 18 years old to the mid-20s, characterized as an in-between time where identity exploration is focused on work and love.
  • emerging adulthood is a product of both Western culture and our current times
  • social phenomenon
  • social and financial autonomy in those age groups
  • Occasionally lumped in with adolescence, often with
    early adulthood
  • Dependence on parents
29
Q

ADULTHOOD

A
  • Adulthood begins around 20 years old
  • has three distinct stages: early, middle, and late.
30
Q
  • Early adulthood (20 to early 40s)
    physical development
A
  • physical maturation is complete, although our height and weight may increase slightly.
  • young adulthood, our physical abilities are at their peak, including muscle strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac functioning.
31
Q
  • Middle adulthood (40s to the 60s) physical development
A
  • Physical decline is gradual.
  • The skin loses some elasticity, and wrinkles are among the first signs of aging.
  • Visual acuity decreases during this time.
  • Women experience a gradual decline in fertility as they approach the onset of menopause,
  • Both men and women tend to gain weight
  • Hair begins to thin and turn gray
32
Q
  • Late adulthood (60s+) physical development
A

○ The skin continues to lose elasticity, reaction time slows further, and muscle strength diminishes.
○ Smell, taste, hearing, and vision, so sharp in our twenties, decline significantly.
○ The brain may also no longer function at optimal levels, leading to problems like memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease in later years.

33
Q

Cognitive development for adults

A
  • Remains steady throughout early and middle adulthood
  • Our crystallized intelligence tends to hold steady as we age—it may even improve.
  • decline in fluid intelligence. These processes become slower
  • adults who engage in mentally and physically stimulating activities experience less cognitive decline and have a reduced incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia
34
Q

Psychosocial development
adults

A
  • Some aspects of healthy aging include activities, social connectedness, and the role of a person’s culture.
  • we need to have and continue to find meaning throughout our lives.
  • For those in early and middle adulthood, meaning is found through work and family life
    ○ These areas relate to the tasks that Erikson referred to as generativity and intimacy.
  • Positive relationships with significant others in our adult years have been found to contribute to a state of well-being
35
Q
  • socioemotional selectivity theory
A

suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years

36
Q

Hospice

A

○ to help provide a death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable environment, which is usually outside of a hospital setting.

37
Q

stages of grief

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

the stages may occur in different orders, depending on the individual.

Not all people experience all of the stages.

38
Q

health care proxy,

A

appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself.

39
Q

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)

A

states that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops beating, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient.

40
Q

living will or advance directive

A

which is a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants.

41
Q
  • Physical development
A

involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

42
Q
  • Cognitive development
A

involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

43
Q
  • Psychosocial development
A

involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

44
Q
  • Normative approach –
A

“what is normal development”

45
Q
  • Developmental milestones
A

age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events

	○ But… not all normative events are universal
46
Q

Achievement gap:

A

refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and—in certain subjects—genders
○ strongly influenced by differences in socioeconomic factors that exist among the families of these children.

47
Q

Moral intuition

A

effortlessly, automatically

haidt – doesn’t take effort

greene – has automatic, but they can be persuaded or overwritten

48
Q

what are early AD symptoms sometimes referred to

A
  • Early symptoms sometimes referred to as mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
49
Q

where does AD first appear in

A
  • Appears first in the medial temporal lobe structures, then to cortex
50
Q

diagnosis for AD?

A
  • Diagnosis traditionally “probable” until post-mortem because you have to check brain tissue

PSYC 102 (14 decks)

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