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PSYC 102 > 3-emotion > Flashcards

3-emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions are

A
  • A conscious, subjective feeling
  • An expression
  • A physiological change
  • A behaviour
  • hard to capture content validity because of how complicated it is
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2
Q

Three Components of Emotional Experience

A
  • Physiological Arousal
  • Observable Behaviour
  • Subjective Feelings
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3
Q

Physiological Arousal component of emotional experience

A
  • ANS Activity (Fight or Flight)
  • Autonomic Nervous System - Increased heart rate
  • Respiration
  • Inhibits digestion
  • Pupils dilate
  • Blood flow to extremities
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4
Q

Observable Behaviour component of emotional experience

A
  • Emotional Expression
  • Facial
  • Posture
  • Vocalizations
  • Touch -
  • Not always voluntary…
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5
Q

Subjective Feelings compnent of emotional experience

A
  • Cognitive Experience
  • Our perceptions of discrete emotions or generalized feelings
  • Your personal assessment of arousal, how positive/negative and motivation
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6
Q

how are emotions related to nowadays?

A

bad judgments…
long history of emotions supposedly clouding judgement

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7
Q

Darwin’s ideas on emotion

A
  • Expression of emotions indicates subsequent behaviour
  • Emotions increase fitness… it’s selected FOR, not against
  • Principle of antithesis
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8
Q

Principle of antithesis

A

where the emotion is represented by the opposite bodily expression
- feeling dominant = hunched
- feeling submissive = opposite

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9
Q

Why express emotion?

A

prosocial experience!
stronger as a community and society

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10
Q

when parts of the brain associated with emotion is damaged, what function is also inhibited?

A

decision-making

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11
Q

James-Lange physiological theory on emotion

A

emotional stimulus -> bodily response (arousal) -> conscious emotional feelings
- afraid becae our heart is racing
- we are READING our bodily responses

- Experience feeling AFTER physiological arousal had taken place Different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings

“It is not that we see a bear, fear it, and run. We see a bear and run, consequently we fear the bear.”

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12
Q

issues with James-Lange theory on emotion

A
  • no unique bodily state for different emotions
  • they will have very similar responses
  • Internal organs not sophisticated enough to make distinctions about emotional experience.
  • What about people with spinal cord injuries?
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13
Q

Cannon-Bard perspective on emotion

A

emotional stimulus -> bodily response AND -> conscious emotional feelings
- critique of James-Lange, slight variation
- parallel process!!
- Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
- we interpret the situation while we experience physiological arousal… not one after the other

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14
Q

Two-Factor Theory: persepctive on emotion

A

emotional stimulus -> bodily response (arousal) AND -> cognitive appraisal -> conscious emotional feelings
- Schachter & Singer, 1962
- Emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal.
- thinking about cognition again!!

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15
Q

modern biopsycholgoical view

A

everything is interlinked and play a role!!
- perception of stimulus
- physiological reactions
- feeling of fear

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16
Q

are emotions discrete or universal?

A
  • Some (e.g. Paul Ekman) argue for discrete, universal emotions
  • all human beings, regardless of culture experience the same emotions
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17
Q

the universal emotions

A
  • anger
  • sadness
  • happiness
  • fear
  • disgust
  • surprise
  • contempt
  • embarassment
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18
Q

evidence for the idea of univesal emotions

A
  • 2-day old babies make a ‘disgust’ face when you put bitter flavours in their mouth
  • Congenitally (since birth) blind people smile when they are happy.
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19
Q

Duchenne vs non-duchenne smile

A
  • duchenne smile = true smile
  • activation of TWO sets of muscles… eyes and mouth
20
Q

are we good at deteching emotion in others?

A

nope… but we’re pretty good with body language!!
- poor at detecting emotion expression when it’s isolated, but when we add body to the mix, we’re chilling

21
Q

Can a Lie Detector Reveal Lies?

A

nope
its just detecting electroids, ONLY physiological arousal

22
Q

accuracy of lie detectors

A
  • 1/3rd of innocent declared
    “guilty” by polygraph!
  • 1/4th of guilty declared “innocent” by polygraph!
23
Q

differing of expression between genders

A
  • Male and female film viewers did not differ dramatically in self- reported emotions or physiological responses.
  • But the women’s faces showed much more emotion.
24
Q

Dimensions of emotion

A
  • Others suggest emotions are NOT categories, but rather are comprised of dimensions (e.g. valence and intensity)
  • These dimensions are thought to guide perception and action (e.g. approach/avoid)
  • These dimensions also map well to what we know about psychology and brain activity
25
Q

Regions of emotion in the brain

A
  • Diffuse (distributed throughout brain, especially the cerebral cortex), overlapping yet distinct
  • Many, big areas
  • Often not 1:1 for function:cell (i.e. population coding, where it would be determined by a population of neurons)
  • probably is coded by PATTERN
26
Q

models that suggest that emotions are lateralized in the brain

A
  • R. Hemisphere model
  • Valence Model
  • META-ANALYSES SAY THAT THE TRUTH IS MORE COMPLICATED
27
Q

R. Hemisphere model

A

Right hemisphere specialize to process ALL types of emotion

28
Q

valence model

A

right hemisphere specialized to process negative emotion

left hemisphere specialized to process positive emotions

issue: we prescribe more emotions negatively, and positive is just happiness

29
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A
  • Lack of fear
  • Hyperorality
  • Misdirected hypersexuality
  • Repeatedly investigating
    familiar objects
30
Q

how was kluver-bucy syndrome induced in monkeys

A
  • Anterior temporal lobectomy
  • removed the front of the temporal lobe, all of the amygdala and some other stuff
  • Due to mainly to amygdala damage?
31
Q

the thinking high road for brain pathway for emotions

A
  • Some input travels to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis
  • is then sent to the amygdala. (Slower but more sophisticated)
  • good at discriminating against fear stimulus
32
Q

which part of the brain can make use feel fear response even when we don’t consciously know whats making us afrai

A

thalamus

33
Q

speedy low road for brain pathway for emotions

A
  • Other input travels directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction.
  • Faster but less sophisticated
  • all info stops at the thalamus!
34
Q

neurologically, what causes fear

A
  • more than just the amygdala
  • effect of many neurons
  • Emotional activation in the brain is large, distributed, and overlapping
  • All lobes of the neocortex
  • Heterogeneity in results (due to methods/evocation of emotion?)
  • PFC usually important
35
Q

Stress and types of stress

A
  • a process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that they appraise as overwhelming or threatening to their well-being
  • Can be significant life events (e.g. death of a loved one, marriage)
  • can also be “the daily grind” (Lazarus, 1981), lives of “quiet desperation”
  • Can be active or passive, short-term or long-term
36
Q

active stress vs passive stress

A

active: intense done upon you
passive: removal of something in life

37
Q

stress immunization

A

when enough exposure to CONTROLLED stress cause some individuals to become better with short term stress

38
Q

effect of exposure to uncontrollable stress?

A
  • larger stress response
39
Q

2 fundamental pathways for stress

A
  • sympathetic response (fight or flight)
  • HPA axis (brain and endocrine system)
40
Q

HPA axis pathway for stress

A
  • brain and endocrine system
  • use axons and neurons
  • release of hormones
  • works much more slowly than the sympathetic nervous system
41
Q

benefits of stress

A
  • implicit memory,
  • simple tasks,
  • habitual
  • well-rehearsed tasks,
  • immune system? (short-term)
42
Q

cost of stress

A
  • cognitive flexibility,
  • working memory,
  • executive functions
43
Q

stress and catecholamine release

A
  • dopamine and noepinepherine
  • think Relationship between stress/arousal and performance (Yerkes-Dodson curve)
  • We all sit at different levels of baseline catecholamine function
44
Q

effect of stress on the PFC

A
  • stress impairs working memory, attention, planning, etc.
  • BUT stress improves habitual behaviour
  • We also see PFC inhibition and amygdala/basal ganglia/HTh activation
45
Q

effect of chronic stress

A
  • Compromises immune functioning, mental health
  • Reduces hippocampal volume, thins PFC
  • Reduces performance on hippocampal- or PFC-dependent tasks
  • Requires more PFC activity to have same level of performance
  • Shifts more reliance to subcortical structures (e.g. amygdala)
  • May decrease baseline DA function
  • Then there’s also the exposure to stress (and catecholamine release)
  • Effects often more pronounced in women
46
Q

functional utility of anger?

A

fight for equitity, reciprocity!!

47
Q

functional utility of frustration?

A

MOTIVATIONNNNN

PSYC 102 (14 decks)

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