A conscious, subjective feeling An expression A physiological change A behaviour hard to capture content validity because of how complicated it is

3-emotion Flashcards by Violet yes

Emotions are

A conscious, subjective feeling
An expression
A physiological change
A behaviour
hard to capture content validity because of how complicated it is

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Three Components of Emotional Experience

Physiological Arousal
Observable Behaviour
Subjective Feelings

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Physiological Arousal component of emotional experience

ANS Activity (Fight or Flight)
Autonomic Nervous System - Increased heart rate
Respiration
Inhibits digestion
Pupils dilate
Blood flow to extremities

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Observable Behaviour component of emotional experience

Emotional Expression
Facial
Posture
Vocalizations
Touch -
Not always voluntary…

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Subjective Feelings compnent of emotional experience

Cognitive Experience
Our perceptions of discrete emotions or generalized feelings
Your personal assessment of arousal, how positive/negative and motivation

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how are emotions related to nowadays?

bad judgments…
long history of emotions supposedly clouding judgement

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Darwin’s ideas on emotion

Expression of emotions indicates subsequent behaviour
Emotions increase fitness… it’s selected FOR, not against
Principle of antithesis

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Principle of antithesis

where the emotion is represented by the opposite bodily expression
- feeling dominant = hunched
- feeling submissive = opposite

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Why express emotion?

prosocial experience!
stronger as a community and society

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when parts of the brain associated with emotion is damaged, what function is also inhibited?

decision-making

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James-Lange physiological theory on emotion

emotional stimulus -> bodily response (arousal) -> conscious emotional feelings
- afraid becae our heart is racing
- we are READING our bodily responses

- Experience feeling AFTER physiological arousal had taken place Different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings

“It is not that we see a bear, fear it, and run. We see a bear and run, consequently we fear the bear.”

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issues with James-Lange theory on emotion

no unique bodily state for different emotions
they will have very similar responses
Internal organs not sophisticated enough to make distinctions about emotional experience.
What about people with spinal cord injuries?

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Cannon-Bard perspective on emotion

emotional stimulus -> bodily response AND -> conscious emotional feelings
- critique of James-Lange, slight variation
- parallel process!!
- Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
- we interpret the situation while we experience physiological arousal… not one after the other

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Two-Factor Theory: persepctive on emotion

emotional stimulus -> bodily response (arousal) AND -> cognitive appraisal -> conscious emotional feelings
- Schachter & Singer, 1962
- Emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal.
- thinking about cognition again!!

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modern biopsycholgoical view

everything is interlinked and play a role!!
- perception of stimulus
- physiological reactions
- feeling of fear

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are emotions discrete or universal?

Some (e.g. Paul Ekman) argue for discrete, universal emotions
all human beings, regardless of culture experience the same emotions

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the universal emotions

anger
sadness
happiness
fear
disgust
surprise
contempt
embarassment

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evidence for the idea of univesal emotions

2-day old babies make a ‘disgust’ face when you put bitter flavours in their mouth
Congenitally (since birth) blind people smile when they are happy.

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Duchenne vs non-duchenne smile

duchenne smile = true smile
activation of TWO sets of muscles… eyes and mouth

are we good at deteching emotion in others?

nope… but we’re pretty good with body language!!
- poor at detecting emotion expression when it’s isolated, but when we add body to the mix, we’re chilling

Can a Lie Detector Reveal Lies?

nope
its just detecting electroids, ONLY physiological arousal

accuracy of lie detectors

1/3rd of innocent declared
“guilty” by polygraph!
1/4th of guilty declared “innocent” by polygraph!

differing of expression between genders

Male and female film viewers did not differ dramatically in self- reported emotions or physiological responses.
But the women’s faces showed much more emotion.

Dimensions of emotion

Others suggest emotions are NOT categories, but rather are comprised of dimensions (e.g. valence and intensity)
These dimensions are thought to guide perception and action (e.g. approach/avoid)
These dimensions also map well to what we know about psychology and brain activity

Regions of emotion in the brain

* Diffuse (distributed throughout brain, especially the cerebral cortex), overlapping yet distinct * Many, big areas * Often not 1:1 for function:cell (i.e. population coding, where it would be determined by a population of neurons) * probably is coded by PATTERN

models that suggest that emotions are lateralized in the brain

* R. Hemisphere model * Valence Model * META-ANALYSES SAY THAT THE TRUTH IS MORE COMPLICATED

R. Hemisphere model

Right hemisphere specialize to process ALL types of emotion

valence model

right hemisphere specialized to process negative emotion left hemisphere specialized to process positive emotions issue: we prescribe more emotions negatively, and positive is just happiness

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

* Lack of fear * Hyperorality * Misdirected hypersexuality * Repeatedly investigating familiar objects

how was kluver-bucy syndrome induced in monkeys

- Anterior temporal lobectomy - removed the front of the temporal lobe, all of the amygdala and some other stuff - Due to mainly to amygdala damage?

the thinking high road for brain pathway for emotions

- Some input travels to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis - is then sent to the amygdala. (Slower but more sophisticated) - good at discriminating against fear stimulus

which part of the brain can make use feel fear response even when we don't consciously know whats making us afrai

thalamus

speedy low road for brain pathway for emotions

- Other input travels directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction. - Faster but less sophisticated - all info stops at the thalamus!

neurologically, what causes fear

- more than just the amygdala - effect of many neurons - Emotional activation in the brain is large, distributed, and overlapping - All lobes of the neocortex - Heterogeneity in results (due to methods/evocation of emotion?) - PFC usually important

Stress and types of stress

- a process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that they appraise as overwhelming or threatening to their well-being - Can be significant life events (e.g. death of a loved one, marriage) - can also be “the daily grind” (Lazarus, 1981), lives of “quiet desperation” - Can be active or passive, short-term or long-term

active stress vs passive stress

**active**: intense done upon you **passive**: removal of something in life

stress immunization

when enough exposure to CONTROLLED stress cause some individuals to become better with short term stress

effect of exposure to uncontrollable stress?

- larger stress response

2 fundamental pathways for stress

- sympathetic response (fight or flight) - HPA axis (brain and endocrine system)

HPA axis pathway for stress

- brain and endocrine system - use axons and neurons - release of hormones - works much more slowly than the sympathetic nervous system

benefits of stress

- implicit memory, - simple tasks, - habitual - well-rehearsed tasks, - immune system? (short-term)

cost of stress

- cognitive flexibility, - working memory, - executive functions

stress and catecholamine release

- dopamine and noepinepherine - think Relationship between stress/arousal and performance (Yerkes-Dodson curve) - We all sit at different levels of baseline catecholamine function

effect of stress on the PFC

- stress impairs working memory, attention, planning, etc. - BUT stress improves habitual behaviour - We also see PFC inhibition and amygdala/basal ganglia/HTh activation

effect of chronic stress

- Compromises immune functioning, mental health - Reduces hippocampal volume, thins PFC - Reduces performance on hippocampal- or PFC-dependent tasks - Requires more PFC activity to have same level of performance - Shifts more reliance to subcortical structures (e.g. amygdala) - May decrease baseline DA function - Then there’s also the exposure to stress (and catecholamine release) - Effects often more pronounced in women

functional utility of anger?

fight for equitity, reciprocity!!

functional utility of frustration?

MOTIVATIONNNNN