3-disorder Flashcards
psychological disorders
Are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
- Biological bases, yes, but also
- Socially defined
- Evolving
- Boundaries somewhat arbitrary
- A constellation of symptoms – Polytreatment as the norm
things Previously considered mental disorders
- Masturbation
- Drapetomania (causes slaves to want to escape their enslaver)
- Homosexuality
iimplication is that there’s a SOCIAL role in determining boundaries of normality
Are equivalent disorders found around the world?
To some extent, yes: schizophrenia, bipolar, depress are universal
But there are cultural disparities
* Also “culturally-bound disorders”
* e.g. koro, windigo, anorexia
Are People With Psychological Disorders Dangerous?
- Mental disorders rarely lead to violence and clinical prediction of violence is unreliable
- Those with mental disorders are disproportionately more often the victims of crime than those non-mentally ill
The medical model
Mental illness diagnosed on basis of symptoms and treated through therapy
The biopsychosocial approach
- Posits that biological, psychological, and social- cultural factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness
DSM-I (1952) and II (1968)
psychodynamic- heavy
- extensions on freud’s ideas of unconscious desires
DSM-III (1980)
Spitzer’s vision, exhaustive
- beginning of pathologizing everyday normal behaviours
DSM-IV (1994)
- conflicts of interest
- 1/2 of people had issues with pharmaceudical companies… recommending lines of treatment
DSM-V (2013)
- NDAs, rewrites, a “living
document” - didn’t solve conflicts of interest, just hid them
purposes of DSM-5
- To predict disorder’s future course.
- To guide treatment choices.
- To allow clinicians to communicate.
- To please insurance companies who require a concrete diagnosis.
- To permit research (via categorization).
§ DSM-5 Criticism
- Antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field trials
- DSM-5 contributes to “pathologizing of everyday life”
- System labels are society’s value judgments
DSM-5 Benefits
- System helps mental health professionals communicate and is useful in research
- Is a “living document”
Rates of Psychological Disorders
- Rates vary depending on the time and place of the survey
- Poverty is both a risk factor and an effect… socioeconomic status!
Anxiety disorders
persistent anxiety and maladaptive behaviours
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
has panic attacks
phobias
- unreasonable fear of thing to the point where avoiding it causes detrimental effect
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
obsessions: engage in behaviours to lessen anxieties
compulsions
- more common older children and kids
- can spontaneously resolve
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- intrusive
- disrupting whole life
conditioning in anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD
- Classical conditioning
- Stimulus generalization
role of biology in anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD
- deisgned to learn these negative associations quickly… maybe because of natural selection
Major depressive disorder
2 weeks straight
~5 symptoms
persisten depressive disorder
not as many symptoms as major depressive disorder, but still lasts for a really long time
bipolar disorder
mania
- similar to schizophrenia
- paranoia
- disconnect with reality
- high impulsivity
depression
Social-cognitive perspective on depression
learned helplessness
learned helplessness
- response to stressors is determined by previous exposure toe vents
Schizophrenia: DSM 5 Criteria
A. 2+ of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). One must be (1), (2), or (3):
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour
5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or abolition)
B. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas
C. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months.
D. Schizoaffective disorders (bipolar I, depression with mania) have been ruled out
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition
Insight therapies
psychodynamic, humanistic
Non-insight therapies
behaviour, drugs
Person-centred therapy
Active listening:
- Paraphrase
- “So if I’m hearing you correctly, …”
- Invite clarification
“Is that a good summary?”
- Reflect feelings
- “That makes sense to me. I imagine you might be feeling…”
- Invite clarification
