Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 102 > 3-social > Flashcards

3-social Flashcards

1
Q

SITUATIONISM

A

view that our behaviour and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DISPOSITIONISM

A

behaviour is determined by internal factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

** tend to fail to recognize when the behaviour of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state**

  • simple strategy to understand the world
  • situationism vs dispositionism
  • people tend to lean towards DISPOSITION in NA
  • tendency that people’s behaviours are the result of their TRAIT rather than the situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is belief in disposition over situation more prevelant

A

individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what political group leans more towards dispositionism

A

right-leaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what political group leans more towards situationism

A

left- leaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

all individuals lean toward individualism/dispositionism when…

A

disinhibited (alcohol) or under cognitive load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

attitudes and types

A
  • like traits
  • stable
  • fixed overtime
  • predisposition to a stimulus

TYPES:
Peripheral route persuasion
Central route persuasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

audience: motivation, analytical
processing: high effort, evaluate message
persuasion: lasting change in attitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Central route persuasion

A

audience: not motivated, not analytical
processing: low effort, persuaded by cues outside of message
persuasion: temporary change in attitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

examples of how Actions can modify attitudes

A
  • Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • Role playing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

more likely to comply with a larger request if they comply with a small fast first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Role playing

A
  • imagine themslves a certain way
  • more likely to act that way later on
  • “fake it till you make it”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

A

When attitudes do not fit with actions, tensions are often reduced by changing attitudes to match actions

behaviour SHAPES attitude

psychological discomfort arising from holding 2 or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviours, or cognitions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conformity implications in WEIRD cultures

A

negative judgement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of conformity

A
  • Compliance (obedience)
  • Acceptance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

compliance

A

conformers without believing

why? to seek out social rewards and avoid social punishments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acceptance

A

grow to understand or even agree with other person’s point of view
maybe related to cognitive dissonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

normative social influence

A
  • to gain social approval/favour so people like us more
  • the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ASCH’S CONFORMITY EXPERIMENTS

A

Predicting adjustment of behaviour
* Feelings of competence
* Group size
* Group agreement
* Group status
* Response commitment
* Known observation
* Cultural mores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stanley Milgram

A
  • 1933-1984
  • Jewish
  • Worked with Asch
  • Demands of authority vs. demands of conscience
  • Operationalizing obedience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what did milgram want to study

A

how can normal everyday people go along with these atrocities of WWII?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

milgram’s study

A
  • “The effect of punishment on learning”
  • Draw roles out of a hat?
  • Use of confederate
  • The shock generator
  • The task
  • From 15 to 450 volts
  • The learner protests
  • The experimenter prods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

confederate

A
  • person who is aware of the experiment and works for the researcher
  • Used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
  • Participants believe that confederate are, like them, uninformed participants in the experiment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what most people thought would happen in the milgram experiment

A
  • Most claim they would disobey by 135 volts
  • Most claim others would disobey by 200 volts
  • Most guessed no one would go to 450 volts/“XXX”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Predictors of obedience shown from Milgram

A
  • Emotional distance of the victim
  • Closeness, legitimacy of the authority
  • Authority of the institution
  • Role model for compliance
  • Lack of role models for defiance
  • Conformity against conformity?
  • Foot-in-the-door effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Methodological problems with Milgram’s experiments

A
  • many thought it wasn’t real
  • Direct orders were actually least convincing
  • cf. Appeals to scientific progress
  • Experimenter occasionally off-script
  • Mostly only men
    BUT
  • Reproduced many times, by other researchers, in women as well
28
Q

what does Milgrim’s experiment suggest in terms of the fundamental attribution error

A
  • We over-estimate influence of personal traits
  • We under-estimate influence of situational traits
29
Q

Social facilitation

A

triplett

being around the presence of others arouses us and improves our performance in many aspects

30
Q

Social loafing

A
  • exert less effort in a social setting
  • Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
31
Q

causes of social loafing

A
  • not feeling accountable
  • if your individual contributions don’t matter
  • don’t identify with the rest of the group members
32
Q

Deindividuation

A

Group situation in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and a resulting reduction in accountability and sense of self

33
Q

group polarization

A
  • the internet works as a social amplifier
  • when exposed to likeminded people, amplifies and polarizes view from the norm of middle
  • Strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within a group
34
Q

Groupthink

A
  • people are driven for harmony towards group
  • minimize the amount of disagreement around themselves
  • Tendency to prioritize group cohesion over critical thinking that might lead to poor decision making
  • more likely to occur when there is perceived unanimity among the group
35
Q

Individual power in conformity

A
  • does not take many individuals to break groupthink and conformity
36
Q

Prejudice

A
  • Means “prejudgment”
  • Is an unjustified (usually negative) attitude toward some group and its members
  • Can be understood as a social extension of previous cognitive ideas we explored (e.g. schemas)
  • Often targets different cultural, ethnic, or gender group
37
Q

Components of antisocial relations

A
  • Beliefs (stereotypes)
  • Emotions
  • Predispositions to action (i.e. to discrimination)
38
Q

An important distinction between prejudice and discrimination

A
  • Prejudice is a negative attitude
  • Discrimination is a negative behavior
  • Discrimination can be subtle (e.g. microaggressions)
39
Q

prejudice in north america changes

A

EXPLICIT prejudice in North America has decreased over the decades of psychology research

instead, it has shifted into IMPLICIT prejudice

40
Q

examples of Social roots of prejudice

A
  • Social inequalities
  • Just-world phenomenon
  • Stereotypes and rationalization
41
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A
  • beliefs that people get the outcomes they deserve
  • To maintain this belief, ppl tend to think that good ppl get good outcomes, bad ppl get bad outcomes
42
Q

In-group

A
  • social definition of what we are and what we are not
  • what you associate yourself with
  • identify with some characteristic
43
Q

In-group bias

A

favour in-group vs out-group

44
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

people are quick to find someone to blame
highest levels in economically disadvantaged

45
Q

Scapegoating

A

act of blaming an outgroup when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

46
Q

Implicit association test

A
  • measure Implicit racial associations
  • say through behaviours what they’re unwilling to say out loud
47
Q

Unconscious patronization

A

evaluating different groups of people at different standards

48
Q

Race-influenced perceptions

A

being quick to ascribe certain aspects to certain groups of people

49
Q

Reflexive bodily responses

A
  • microaggressions
  • not always replicable
  • not at levels of consciousness
50
Q

Potential problems with the IAT:

A
  • Scores are not stable in individuals… a lot of variability
  • Likely to be measuring cultural/linguistic
    associations (cf. red + warm vs. red + cold)
  • Doesn’t erase the harm of the poor cultural
    association though!
  • Very poor predictive validity, don’t find strong association between IAT score and behaviour
  • Interventions to change bias via changes to IAT scores have failed
51
Q

evidence for implicit bias

A
  • In a simulation, police shoot unarmed black suspects more often than unarmed white suspects
  • Employers more likely to call back white/men’s names vs. other names for job interview
52
Q

What can we do about implicit bias?

A
  • Extensive training (e.g. police simulation)
  • Regular positive “intergroup” contact
  • Exposure to counter-stereotypes, e.g. community policing
  • Building a bigger in-group: e.g. urban vs. rural - Working toward common goals
53
Q

mere exposure effect

A

being around someone makes you more likely to attract them

54
Q

Some universal physical features of attractiveness

A

Youthful
Averageness
Symmetry

BUT appealing traits enhance feelings of physical attractiveness Attraction endures when people are more alike

55
Q

online dating and matchmaking

A
  • Increasingly common way for friendships and romantic relationships to form
  • Success rate for romantic AND friendships sometimes reported higher than in-person connections
56
Q

Passionate love

A
  • intense absorption… often at the beginning of relationships
  • but doesn’t stay forever
  • when a lot of arousal, we try to make sense of it in our ad
57
Q

Key to a satisfying and enduring relationship?:

A

time!

58
Q

where does Altruism occur

A

Occurs in humans and non-human animals Most likely in an emergency

59
Q

other factors that increase likelihood of altruism

A
  • children
  • women
  • good mood and good headscape
  • selfishness
60
Q

veneer theory

A
  • society is the outer layer, brings out the best of us… but humans are inherently selfish
61
Q

Bystander effect

A

opposite of altruism
when many people watching, you’re less likely to give aid

62
Q

informational social inflluence

A
  • Conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
63
Q

do people tend to lean towards situationism or dispositionism

A
  • We tend to think that people are in control of their own behaviours
  • Any behaviour change must be due to something internal, such as their personality, habits, or temperment
  • Ppl tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations/attributions for the behaviour of other people
64
Q

Attitude

A

our evaluation of a person, idea, or object

65
Q

conformity

A

Changing your behavior to go along with the group even if you do not agree with the group

66
Q

Compliance

A

Going along with a request or demand

67
Q

obedience

A

Changing your behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences

PSYC 102 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions