1- Research Methods Flashcards

Question

placebo

Answer 1

dose of the drug without the acutal drug - explanation will shape experience

Answer 2

participant doesn't know whether they're in the control group or the experimental group

Answer 3

neither the participant NOR the researcher knows which participants are in the control group or the experimental group

Answer 4

everyone knows which condition they're in for ethical reasons

Answer 5

- understand basic mechanisms, genetics - because there are no viable alternatives - because they have a high predictive value in regard to humans - have a number of protections in place

Answer 6

ethical considerations must be made!! - federally mandated committees review human research proposals - informed consent

Answer 7

it gives SHARED variance in the sample - how much variance in one is related to variance in another variable

Answer 8

y = mx + b y = dependent variable m = coefficient, rate, and slope of line x = independent variable b = where line crosses the y-axis if you have this equation and you have x, you can predict y

Answer 9

tells you how wide the normal curve is - how much variance there is in your data exceptions are 2 SD away from the mean!

Answer 10

how far the sample mean is from the population mena

Answer 11

p < 0.05 gives likelihood of correctness, not effect size

Answer 12

cohen's d tells us magnitude of effect of I on DV STRENGTH of the relationship

Answer 13

if you do enough comparisons, you will find SOME significance compare in many different conditions - If you do 20 of them, there will likely be a false positive or a false negative - Can deliberately manipulate - Taking advantage of multiple comparison to make a fake relationship look like a real one

Answer 14

do your operational definitions accurately describe what you want it to define? did you do a good job at operationalizing it?

Answer 15

- face validity - content validity - concurrent and convergent validity - discriminant validity - predictive validity

Answer 16

intuition, basically the degree to which a procedure, especially a psychological test or assessment, appears effective in terms of its stated aims.

Answer 17

did we capture all the different aspects and content of the conceptual variable Content validity evaluates how well an instrument (like a test) covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure.

Answer 18

does score on test line up with rest of the data with other existing measures?

Answer 19

Discriminant validity specifically measures whether constructs that theoretically should not be related to each other are, in fact, unrelated. make sure that there is no 3rd variable issues!!

Answer 20

do variables predict the subject's future behaviours well?

Answer 21

internal validity external validity

Answer 22

you designed a good experiment! - no confounding variable - can we trust the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable a measure of how well a study is conducted (its structure) and how accurately its results reflect the studied group.

Answer 23

- good representation of what's happening in the outside world? - generalize well? - need to consider if our participants are WEIRD?

Answer 24

Western Educationalized Industrialized Rich Democratic *may not generalize to other cultures! need cross-cultural psychology*

Answer 25

measures what you mean to measure

Answer 26

does it do the same thing every time?

Answer 27

○ 1871-1939 ○ First woman to earn a PhD in psychology Research focused on animal behaviour and cognition

Answer 28

○ 1863-1930 - first female prez of the apa ○ Preeminent first-generation american psychologist ○ opposed the behaviourist movement ○ conducted significant research into memory Established one of the earliest experimental psychology labs in the US

Answer 29

○ 1895-1954 ○ First African american to receive a PhD in psych in 1920 ○ Dissertation focused on issues related to psychoanalysis! ○ Interested in § Racial bias § Educational justice ○ One of the founders of Howard Unviersity’s department of psychology “Father of Black Psychology”

Answer 30

○ 1895-1934 ○ First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology ○ Highlighted issues related to education in segregated vs integrated schools ○ Her work was very influential in the Brown v Board of Education § Ruled that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional

Answer 31

○ Founded some of the first experimental psychology labs in South America 2 in buenos aires, argentina

Answer 32

○ India 1st independent departments of psych at the U of Madras and the U of Calcutta, respectively

Answer 33

○ First female prez of the APA By 1946, nearly 1/4 of american psychologists were female!!

Answer 34

ideas are testedi n the real world

Answer 35

real world observations lead to new ideas ○ May or may not be correct Used to form theories -> hypotheses… tested with deductive reasoning

Answer 36

well developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Answer 37

testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct

Answer 38

- Focus on one person or just a few individuals - Pros: ○ Big insight, rich information - Cons ○ Hard to generalize Ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society

Answer 39

- Observing behaviour in it’s natural setting - Observer has to be unobtrusive and inconspicuous!! ○ If people know that they’re being watched, they are less likely to behave naturally Not limited to research about humans

Answer 40

- Pros ○ High validity/accuracy ○ Higher degree of ecological validity —> realism ○ Better able to generalize the findings - Cons ○ Hard to set up ○ Hard to control ○ Requires a lot of time, money, and luck ○ Observer bias § Observers might unconsciously skew their observations to fit their research goals or expectations

Answer 41

□ Clear criteria established for the types of behaviours recorded and how they should be classified □ Inter-rater reliability—measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

Answer 42

- Lists of questions - Can be completed in short time, easy to administer Makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people - Pros ○ Info from a large sample of people —> better generalizability - Cons ○ Less depth of information on each person than a case study Not always accurate responses

Answer 43

- Relies on looking at past records/data sets for interesting patterns or relationships Pros ○ Researcher never directly interacts with research participants -> Less investment of time and money Cons ○ No control over what info was originally collected § Research questions have to be tailored to fit this ○ No guarantee of consistency between the records § Difficult to compare and contrast different data sets

Answer 44

- Data-gathering is administered respeatedly over an extended period of time - Pros ○ Less concern for differences among cohorts ○ Incredible time investment by researcher and research participants ○ Financial investment ○ Research participants must also be willing to continue their participation for an extended period of time § High attrition rates Reduction in number of research participants

Answer 45

- Researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time - Pros ○ Shorter term investment compared to longitudinal - Cons Limited by differences that exist between the different generations

Answer 46

when people believe that relationships exist between two thigns when no such relationship exists

Answer 47

precise description of our variables Important in allowing others to understand exactly how and what a researcher measure sin a particular experiement

Answer 48

when you cannot directly control the independent variable ○ Cannot make cause-and-effect claims Ethical constraints

Answer 49

determines how likely any difference found is due to chance

Answer 50

degree to which different items on a survey that measure the same thing correlate with one another

Answer 51

degree to which the outcomes of a particular meausre remain consistent over multiple administrations

Answer 52

degree to which research results generalize to real-world applications

Answer 53

institutional review board (IRB) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)