2-motivation Flashcards

Question

choice impulsivity

Answer 1

small immediate reward vs larger later reward

Answer 2

arousal reduces range of cues that an organism attends to so arousal NARROWS ATTENTION basically why arousal changes our performance

Answer 3

as arousal goes up, more catecholamines are released into the prefrontal cortex at low arousal, the PFC fires for everything at high arousal, it shuts down there is a SWEET SPOT between arousal and catecholamines

Answer 4

KEY SYMPTOMS: - extreme inattention - hyperactivity - impulsivity - 11% of American 4- to 17- year-olds receive this diagnosis after displaying key symptoms - psychostimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate) improve symptoms - hypothesis: ADHD driven by low dopamine function, so they have a low baseline arousal - stress and arousal focus your attention, so lack thereof makes you unable to focus or focus on too much

Answer 5

- things we look for but does not have any biological benefit - recreational activity we seek: - novelty - uncertainty - conflict - complexity

Answer 6

Maslow - wasn't based on evidence - later evidence to support concepts, but not necessarily the overall idea (may not always need to satisfy all lower needs)

Answer 7

"humans automatically regulate caloric intake through a homeostatic system to prevent energy deficits and maintain stable body weight" - drive theory! - but... not well supported

Answer 8

GLUCOSTATIC - maintain blood sugar levels - short term LIPOSTATIC - body fat levels - as they go up and down, it will influence your hunger and eating

Answer 9

- amount of energy body uses when sitting - baseline for energy used - but... hard to measure - best way to measure is CO2 person breathing out - metabolism also does not change past 20, only after 60+ --> cannot be explained by basal metabolic rate

Answer 10

- dips before a meal... incites seeking of food? - triggers hunger - but.... if you don't eat, blood sugar goes back up - food does not satisfy blood sugar!! -blood sugar dipping may be body PREPARING for food

Answer 11

arcuate nucleus triggers hormone release, which theorizes that'll cause eating and not eating, suppress appetite

Answer 12

- insulin - leptin - PYY - Ghrelin - Orexin

Answer 13

- pancreas - trigger storage of glucose as fats - not for hunger, but affects blood sugar

Answer 14

- released from fat cells at baseline rate - more fat cells? more leptin - appetite suppressing affect - SATIETY signal!!

Answer 15

- SATIETY signal - sent from viscera (intestines) - how full or empty guts are - drive theory!!

Answer 16

- APPETITE hormone - sent from stomach when its empty

Answer 17

- APPETITE - sent from brain - causes hunger

Answer 18

- believes that body knows what it needs... - true to an extent!! because junk food. yummy - body chemistry - environmental factors - biology

Answer 19

- tempting situations - friends and food - serving size is significant - food variety

Answer 20

early ancestors' survivability

Answer 21

- process pain - lights up when you're being socially isolated

Answer 22

- people are using it a loootttt more - though people are less social irl, it actually leads to STRONGER bonds - healthy self-disclosure sometimes - accurate personality reflections in profiles and posts

Answer 23

arising from internal factors

Answer 24

arising from external factors

Answer 25

-- intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given Can lead to extinguishing intrinsic motivation and creating a dependence on extrinsic rewards for continued performance

Answer 26

individual's belief int heir own capability to complete a task - Bandura argues that motivaiton derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviours - Motives: needs for achievement, affiliation, intimacy

Answer 27

amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time - lots of individual variability!!

Answer 28

each individual has an ideal body weight (set point) which is resistant to change ○ Genetically predetermined ○ Efforts to move our weight significantly from the set-point are resisted by compensatory changes in energy intake and/or expenditure But… some predictions has no empirical support

Answer 29

so overweight that they are at risk for death

Answer 30

has been questioned ○ Most useful for studying populations ○ Less useful in assessing an individual § Fail to account for things like fitness and muscle

Answer 31

○ Genes and environment ○ Consuming more calories than is expended ○ Socioeconomic status and the physical environment

Answer 32

weight reduction, modifying gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed ○ cases in which a person has had no success with repeated attempts to reduce weight/at risk for death because of obesity

Answer 33

genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

Answer 34

binge eating behaviour that is followed by attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed ○ Vomiting or laxatives or excessive exercise ○ Many adverse health conditions

Answer 35

eating binges are not followed by inappropriator behaviour such as purging, but are followed by distress, inclusing feelings of guilt and embarassment

Answer 36

eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below agerage through starvation and/or excessive exercise ○ Often have a distorted body image (body dysmorphia)

Answer 37

- Before the late 1940s, limited access to reliable, empirically-based information on lex - Physicians were considered authorities on all issues related to sex, despite the fact that they had little to no training in these issues - Most of what people knew about it had been learned either through their own experiences or by talking with their peers

Answer 38

○ Used to categorize an individual's sexual orientation

Answer 39

- OBSERVED people having intercourse in a variety of positions - Also observed people masturbating ○ Manually or with the aid of a device - As this happened, researchers recorded measurements of physiological variables ○ Blood pressure ○ Respiration rate ○ Measurements of sexual arousal § Vaginal lubrication § Penile tumescence - sexual response cycle

Answer 40

1. excitement 2. plateau 3. orgasm 4. resolution refractory period

Answer 41

a. Arousal phase b. Erection of the penis or clitoris Lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal

Answer 42

a. Vagina swells further b. Blood flow to the labia minora increases c. Penis becomes fully erect, may exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid Increases in muscle tone

Answer 43

a. Females -- rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increases muscle tension b. Males -- pelvic contractions are accompanies by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by contractions of genital muscles i. Ejaculation

Answer 44

a. Relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation

Answer 45

○ Period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm ○ Vary dramatically from individual to individual As people age, tends to span larger periods of time

Answer 46

Emotional, romantic, and erotic attraction toward other people or no people - For many years, ppl thought that this happened because of different socialization and familial experiences ○ BUT NO, RESEARCH SAYS NO - Research evidence suggests that sexual orientation has an underlying biological component ○ Gene-level contributions! § Account for at least half of the variability ○ Differences in brain structure and function ○ Differences in basic body structure and function

Answer 47

umbrella term used to describe sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression

Answer 48

- It is NOT a choice, but a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changes - Conversion therapy ○ Wide criticism from the research community ○ Ineffective ○ Potentially harmful

Answer 49

One's sense of being male, female, neither of these, both of these, or another gender

Answer 50

**diagnostic category, describes individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are** - Must persist for 6 months and result in significant distress or dysfunction to meet DSM-5 diagostic criteria - Not all trans people experience this!! - Diagnostic categorization not universally accepted

Answer 51

person's presentation, name, pronouns, relationships

Answer 52

changing their gender on government or other official docs, changing their legal nae, and so on

Answer 53

change their outward, physical, or sexual characteristics in order for their physical being to better align with their gender identity

Answer 54

form of self-expression or personal style, does not indicate a person's gender identity or that they are trans

Answer 55

general term to describe people whose sex traits, reproductive anatomy, hormones, or chromosomes are different from the usual two ways human bodies develop ○ Some of these traits are recognized at birth, others not till puberty or later in life

Answer 56

dopamine noepinepherine/noadrenaline