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PSYC 102 > 2-motivation > Flashcards

2-motivation Flashcards

1
Q

how do psychologists organize motivation

A
  • regulatory vs purposive (internal vs external)
  • habit vs goal-directed
  • model-free vs model-based (choose bc of acquired value of something vs guess outcomes and choose behaviours)
  • seeking appetitive outcomes vs avoiding aversive outcomes
  • preference vs persistence vs vigour
  • averages vs individual differences
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2
Q

instinct

A

exhibit behaviours, often complex behaviours without any learning

often refer to these as “hardwired”, “genetic”, or “instinctual”

from biological perspective is a species-specific pattern of behaviour that is not learned

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3
Q

James definition of instinct

A

faculty of acting in such a way as to produce a certain end without foresight of that end, and without eh individual’s having previous education in that performance

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4
Q

4 criteria of instinct according to tinbergen

A
  1. stereotyped (pattern)
  2. characteristic
  3. in isolation
  4. without practice
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5
Q

problems with the concept of instinct

A

it has CIRCULAR REASONING
- not falsifiable
- not experimental
- not many insights gained

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6
Q

tabula rasa

A

the BLANK SLATE
- behaviourism
- environment plays a critical role

theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perceptio

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7
Q

instinctive drift

A

after a while of no operant conditioning, conditioned animals would revert to normal animal-specific behaviours

opposes the idea of the blank slate

solution to this? just stick to what these animals are inclined to do!

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8
Q

modern concept of instinct

A
  • constrained to very simple behaviours (reflex)
  • more common in (neurobiologically) simpler life
  • think more in terms of species-specific behaviours that aren’t strictly “hardwired” (simply predisposed to specific behaviours)
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9
Q

supernormal stimuli

A

external stimuli that causes an extra vigorous response for species-specific behaviours

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10
Q

species-specific behaviours can be released by…

A

external stimuli

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11
Q

why do species-specific behaviours make evolutionary sense

A
  • preparedness
  • imprinting
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12
Q

what manifests species-specific behaviours?

A

species-specific nervous system

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13
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

motivates one to return to HOMEOSTASIS

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14
Q

Hull’s drive theory

A
  • Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs
    • Emphasizes the role that habits play in the type of behaviour response in which we engage

E = H x D

E= excitatory potential
H = habit
D = drive

drive believe to energize all responses equally
response most strongly associated with present stimuli will occur

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15
Q

predictions/implications of Hull’s thoery

A
  • increase in H or D will energize multiple responses
  • increase in D is punishing, decrease is reinforcing

simple/well-learned response situation: clear dominant response
complex/little-learned response situation: multiple competing responses

irrelevant drives will interfere with goal-relavant behavior!

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16
Q

testing Hull’s theory: does increased drive increase all behaviours?

A

probably not
food/water deprivation: increases many but not all activity, and not to the same level
conditioned activity experiments effectively contradict this implication of Hull’s theory

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17
Q

testing hull’s theory: overall excitatory potential? I.e. is a hunger rat more motivated

A

yeaaahhhhh but probably not as hull predicted
hungrier animals increase E (motivation), but only for food
animals display GOAL-RELATED, not reflexive/drive behaviour!

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18
Q

testing hull’s theory: does a behaviour truly reflect a drive, a reflexive response to a need

A

probably not

rats can be motivated on appropriate days, even if it doesn’t reflect their current drives

reminiscent of state-dependent memory

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19
Q

verdict on Hull’s theory

A
  • we do act sometimes as though we are working to reduce a drive buuuuut
  • drives don’t energize all behaviours
  • our behaviour is contingent upon learning
  • behaviour often has a goal-directed quality to it
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20
Q

activation theory

A
  • motivation is determined by level of arousal
  • similar to drive theory, it’s an “energization” of behaviour without direction
  • but… unlike drive theory, it’s derived from physical basis – reticular activation system
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21
Q

the reticular activating system

A

AKA reticular formation
- wakefulness, arousal, sleep, consciousness
- Coma and anaesthetics affect RAS

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22
Q

Yerkes-Dodson curve

A

optimal levels of arousal

simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower

the inverted U!!! there is a point where the amount of pressure will make highest performance!!

but…. low pressure = boredom and low performance

tooo high pressure = high stress, anxiety, unhappiness

is well-replicated
we’re all sitting at different baselines though

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23
Q

how to test yerkes-dodson curve

A

test arousal level with DROGS

the less stimulating, the more stress you can handle before concentration drops out

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24
Q

motor impulsivity

A

“action without foresight”
like when you accidentally start running before the gun goes pew

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25
Q

choice impulsivity

A

small immediate reward vs larger later reward

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26
Q

Easterbrook hypothesis

A

arousal reduces range of cues that an organism attends to
so arousal NARROWS ATTENTION
basically why arousal changes our performance

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27
Q

the modern Yerkes-Dodson and Easterbrook: Amy Arnsten

A

as arousal goes up, more catecholamines are released into the prefrontal cortex

at low arousal, the PFC fires for everything
at high arousal, it shuts down

there is a SWEET SPOT between arousal and catecholamines

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28
Q

ADHD

A

KEY SYMPTOMS:
- extreme inattention
- hyperactivity
- impulsivity

  • 11% of American 4- to 17- year-olds receive this diagnosis after displaying key symptoms
  • psychostimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate) improve symptoms
  • hypothesis: ADHD driven by low dopamine function, so they have a low baseline arousal
  • stress and arousal focus your attention, so lack thereof makes you unable to focus or focus on too much
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29
Q

ludic behaviour

A
  • things we look for but does not have any biological benefit
  • recreational activity

we seek:
- novelty
- uncertainty
- conflict
- complexity

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30
Q

a hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow
- wasn’t based on evidence
- later evidence to support concepts, but not necessarily the overall idea (may not always need to satisfy all lower needs)

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31
Q

physiology of hunger drive theory

A

“humans automatically regulate caloric intake through a homeostatic system to prevent energy deficits and maintain stable body weight”

  • drive theory!
  • but… not well supported
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32
Q

set point theory (physiology of obesity) the two types

A

GLUCOSTATIC
- maintain blood sugar levels
- short term

LIPOSTATIC
- body fat levels
- as they go up and down, it will influence your hunger and eating

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33
Q

basal metabolic rate

A
  • amount of energy body uses when sitting
  • baseline for energy used
  • but… hard to measure
  • best way to measure is CO2 person breathing out
  • metabolism also does not change past 20, only after 60+ –> cannot be explained by basal metabolic rate
34
Q

BLOOD GLUCOSE – physiology of hunger

A
  • dips before a meal… incites seeking of food?
  • triggers hunger
  • but…. if you don’t eat, blood sugar goes back up
  • food does not satisfy blood sugar!!
    -blood sugar dipping may be body PREPARING for food
35
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS – physiology of hunger

A

arcuate nucleus triggers hormone release, which theorizes that’ll cause eating and not eating, suppress appetite

36
Q

the appetite hormones

A
  • insulin
  • leptin
  • PYY
  • Ghrelin
  • Orexin
37
Q

insulin

A
  • pancreas
  • trigger storage of glucose as fats
  • not for hunger, but affects blood sugar
38
Q

leptin

A
  • released from fat cells at baseline rate
  • more fat cells? more leptin
  • appetite suppressing affect
  • SATIETY signal!!
39
Q

PYY

A
  • SATIETY signal
  • sent from viscera (intestines)
  • how full or empty guts are
  • drive theory!!
40
Q

ghrelin

A
  • APPETITE hormone
  • sent from stomach when its empty
41
Q

orexin

A
  • APPETITE
  • sent from brain
  • causes hunger
42
Q

taste preferences: psychology of hunger

A
  • believes that body knows what it needs…
  • true to an extent!! because junk food. yummy
  • body chemistry
  • environmental factors
  • biology
43
Q

situational influences on eating

A
  • tempting situations
    • friends and food
    • serving size is significant
    • food variety
44
Q

social bonds and cooperation enhanced…

A

early ancestors’ survivability

45
Q

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

A
  • process pain
  • lights up when you’re being socially isolated
46
Q

impact of mobile networks and social media on people

A
  • people are using it a loootttt more
  • though people are less social irl, it actually leads to STRONGER bonds
  • healthy self-disclosure sometimes
  • accurate personality reflections in profiles and posts
47
Q

INTRINSIC

A

arising from internal factors

48
Q

EXTRINSIC

A

arising from external factors

49
Q
  • Overjustification effect
A

– intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given
Can lead to extinguishing intrinsic motivation and creating a dependence on extrinsic rewards for continued performance

50
Q

self-efficacy

A

individual’s belief int heir own capability to complete a task
- Bandura argues that motivaiton derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviours
- Motives: needs for achievement, affiliation, intimacy

51
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time
- lots of individual variability!!

52
Q

set-point theory

A

each individual has an ideal body weight (set point) which is resistant to change
○ Genetically predetermined
○ Efforts to move our weight significantly from the set-point are resisted by compensatory changes in energy intake and/or expenditure
But… some predictions has no empirical support

53
Q

Morbid obesity

A

so overweight that they are at risk for death

54
Q

BMI’d value as an assessment tool?

A

has been questioned
○ Most useful for studying populations
○ Less useful in assessing an individual
§ Fail to account for things like fitness and muscle

55
Q

Cause of overweightness/obesity

A

○ Genes and environment
○ Consuming more calories than is expended
○ Socioeconomic status and the physical environment

56
Q

Bariatiric surgery

A

weight reduction, modifying gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed
○ cases in which a person has had no success with repeated attempts to reduce weight/at risk for death because of obesity

57
Q

Prader-Willi syndrome

A

genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

58
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

binge eating behaviour that is followed by attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed
○ Vomiting or laxatives or excessive exercise
○ Many adverse health conditions

59
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

eating binges are not followed by inappropriator behaviour such as purging, but are followed by distress, inclusing feelings of guilt and embarassment

60
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below agerage through starvation and/or excessive exercise
○ Often have a distorted body image (body dysmorphia)

61
Q

research on sex before the late 1940s

A
  • Before the late 1940s, limited access to reliable, empirically-based information on lex
  • Physicians were considered authorities on all issues related to sex, despite the fact that they had little to no training in these issues
  • Most of what people knew about it had been learned either through their own experiences or by talking with their peers
62
Q

kinsey scale

A

○ Used to categorize an individual’s sexual orientation

63
Q

MASTERS AND JOHNSON’S RESEARCH

A
  • OBSERVED people having intercourse in a variety of positions
  • Also observed people masturbating
    ○ Manually or with the aid of a device
  • As this happened, researchers recorded measurements of physiological variables
    ○ Blood pressure
    ○ Respiration rate
    ○ Measurements of sexual arousal
    § Vaginal lubrication
    § Penile tumescence
  • sexual response cycle
64
Q

sexual response cycle

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution

refractory period

65
Q
  1. EXCITEMENT
A

a. Arousal phase
b. Erection of the penis or clitoris
Lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal

66
Q

plateau

A

a. Vagina swells further
b. Blood flow to the labia minora increases
c. Penis becomes fully erect, may exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid
Increases in muscle tone

67
Q
  1. ORGASM
A

a. Females – rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increases muscle tension

b. Males – pelvic contractions are accompanies by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by contractions of genital muscles
i. Ejaculation

68
Q
  1. RESOLUTION
A

a. Relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation

69
Q
  • REFRACTORY PERIOD
A

○ Period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

○ Vary dramatically from individual to individual
As people age, tends to span larger periods of time

70
Q

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

A

Emotional, romantic, and erotic attraction toward other people or no people

  • For many years, ppl thought that this happened because of different socialization and familial experiences
    ○ BUT NO, RESEARCH SAYS NO
  • Research evidence suggests that sexual orientation has an underlying biological component
    ○ Gene-level contributions!
    § Account for at least half of the variability
    ○ Differences in brain structure and function
    ○ Differences in basic body structure and function
71
Q

Queer

A

umbrella term used to describe sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression

72
Q

MISUNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT SEXUAL ORIENTATION

A
  • It is NOT a choice, but a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changes
  • Conversion therapy
    ○ Wide criticism from the research community
    ○ Ineffective
    ○ Potentially harmful
73
Q

GENDER IDENTITY

A

One’s sense of being male, female, neither of these, both of these, or another gender

74
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

diagnostic category, describes individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are

  • Must persist for 6 months and result in significant distress or dysfunction to meet DSM-5 diagostic criteria
  • Not all trans people experience this!!
  • Diagnostic categorization not universally accepted
75
Q

Social transition

A

person’s presentation, name, pronouns, relationships

76
Q

Legal transition

A

changing their gender on government or other official docs, changing their legal nae, and so on

77
Q

Physical medical transition

A

change their outward, physical, or sexual characteristics in order for their physical being to better align with their gender identity

78
Q

Cross-dressing

A

form of self-expression or personal style, does not indicate a person’s gender identity or that they are trans

79
Q

Intersex

A

general term to describe people whose sex traits, reproductive anatomy, hormones, or chromosomes are different from the usual two ways human bodies develop
○ Some of these traits are recognized at birth, others not till puberty or later in life

80
Q

catecholamine

A

dopamine
noepinepherine/noadrenaline

PSYC 102 (14 decks)

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