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Digestion Final Exam > 3 B > Flashcards

3 B Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two purposes of aminostransferases or transaminases?

A

Deamination and synthesis of non-essential amino acids within liver hepatocytes.

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1
Q

What is the first step of amino acid catabolism in the liver?

A

Deamination (removal of an NH2)

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2
Q

What is the fate of the amine groups produced by amino acid catabolism?

A

They are first converted to NH3 or NH4 and then to urea where they are then excreted from the body

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3
Q

What can a build up of urea in the blood cause?

A

Uremia or azotemia (often a symptom of renal disease or renal failure)

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4
Q

Why would someone with renal disease or renal failure be put on a low protein diet?

A

To reduce the amount of urea they produce as they will have a hard time excreting it.

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5
Q

What are four things that increase BUN?

A 
Impaired renal function
Increased protein intake or catabolism
GI bleeding (due to intestinal flora creating nitrogenous waste)
Dehydration
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6
Q

What important liver hepatocyte enzyme is required for endogenous cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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7
Q

What is the only way the body can get rid of excess cholesterol?

A

Through the bile

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8
Q

What causes gall stones?

A

Excess cholesterol

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9
Q

Digestion of what causes gall stones?

A

Fat

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10
Q

What are the three causes of ketogenesis?

A

Fasting states, poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus

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11
Q

What organ degrades all steroid hormones as well as T3 and T4?

A

The liver

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12
Q

What transports Iron from the stomach to the SI and releases it for absorption?

A

Gastroferritin

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13
Q

What carries Iron from the blood to the liver?

A

Transferrin

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14
Q

What binds Iron in the liver and stores it?

A

Apoferritin

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15
Q

What is the storage form of Iron in the liver called?

A

Ferritin

16
Q

What three vitamins does the liver store in large quantities?

A

B12, A, D

17
Q

What is the purpose of drug metabolism?

A

To make drugs less active and more water soluble and thus more readily excreted in the urine and bile.

18
Q

What is phase I of drug metabolism marked by?

A

Cytochrome P 450

19
Q

What is phase II of drug metabolism marked by?

A

Conjugation

20
Q

What is the purpose of conjugation?

A

To make something more H2O (polar or hydrophilic) soluble by adding a metabolite.

21
Q

What does CP450 inhibition do?

A

Decreases metabolic activity of CP 450 enzymes leading to decreased metabolism of the drug and increased effects of the drug

22
Q

What does a CP450 inducer do?

A

It increases the activity of the CP450 enzymes leading to increased metabolism of the drug which decreases the effects of the drug.

23
Q

What are the three major types of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

24
Q

What are the major functions of the proteins synthesized by the liver?

A

Oncotic pressure (albumin)
Buffering capacity of the blood (albumin)
Transport of hormones (albumin and globulin)
Carriers (albumin and globulin)
Blood clotting (fibrinogen)
Immune response (gamma-globulin)

25
Q

What are the organic constituents of bile?

A

Bile salts
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Bile pigments (bilirubin)

26
Q

What two primary bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes?

A

Cholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid

27
Q

Primary bile acids are converted by intestinal bacteria into what two secondary bile acids?

A

Deoxycholic acid

Lithocholic acid

28
Q

What is the difference between bile acids and bile salts?

A

Bile salts are just bile acids that have the amino acids glycine or taurine conjugated to them

29
Q

What property does conjugating bile acids give to bile salts?

A

It makes them amphipathic

30
Q

What is the most common phospholipid found in bile?

A

Lecithin

31
Q

What accounts for the majority of cholesterol breakdown in the body?

A

Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.

32
Q

Outline the breakdown of hemoglobin:

A

Heme- biliverdin- bilirubin- bile- feces

33
Q

What are two other names for bilirubin and how is it transported in the blood?

A

Indirect bilirubin or unconjugated bilirubin

Carried in the blood attached to albumin

34
Q

What form of bilirubin is excreted in the urine?

A

Urobilin

35
Q

What enzyme is necessary for the conjugation of bilirubin?

A

Glucuronyl transferase

36
Q

What are the three steps of bile synthesis?

A
  1. Hepatocytes actively secrete bile into the bile canals (canaliculi)
  2. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts transport the bile and the cells that line the ducts secrete a watery HCO3 fluid
  3. Between meals 1/2 the bile is diverted to the gall bladder which stores the bile and removes salts and water
37
Q

What are the two main functions of bile?

A

It provides the sole excretory route for many solutes that are not excreted by the kidneys
Secreted bile salts and lecithin are required for normal lipid digestion and absorption in the small intestine

Digestion Final Exam (14 decks)

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