2 B

Question 0

What is a hiatal hernia?

Answer 0

When a portion of the stomach prolapses through the diaphragmatic or esophageal hiatus.

Question 1

What is acute gastritis?

Answer 1

Transient inflammation of the stomach lining most commonly associated with local irritants such as bacterial endotoxins, alcohol, aspirin, and NSAID’s

Question 2

What are the predisposing factors that cause a hiatal hernia?

Answer 2

Muscle weakness and loss of elasticity more common in old people.
More common in women (pregnancy).
Fiber depleted diet (chronic constipation, straining during bowel movement)
Obesity (increased abdominal pressure)
Presence of abdominal ascites

Question 3

What occurs due to inadequate absorption of vitamin B12?

Answer 3

Pernicious anemia

Question 4

What is pernicious anemia?

Answer 4

The presence of megaloblasts (RBC that have flimsy membranes and are oval shaped instead of bi-concave) in the blood.

Question 5

What are the oral manifestations of pernicious anemia?

Answer 5

Erythema and atrophy of the dorsal tongue. Megaloblastic anemia (burning macular, erythematous mucosal lesions in the mouth).

Question 6

What are the serious consequences of vomiting?

Answer 6

Acid- base disorders
Volume and electrolyte depletion
Malnutrition
Aspiration pneumonia

Question 7

What are the three events that result in vomiting?

Answer 7

Nausea- decreased gastric motility and increased muscle tone in the SI. Reverse peristalsis in the proximal small intestine.
Retching (dry heaving)- spasmodic respiratory movements conducted with a closed glottis.
Emesis and vomiting- when gastric and often small intestine contents are propelled up to and out of the mouth.

Question 8

What part of the brain sends signals that cause vomiting?

Answer 8

The chemoreceptor trigger zone located on the floor of the 4th ventricle.