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SMALL ANIMAL > 2.2.1: Respiratory disease in small mammals and exotic species > Flashcards

2.2.1: Respiratory disease in small mammals and exotic species Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease in small mammals

A
  • Lethargy
  • Poor coat
  • Anorexia
  • Audible clicking
  • Sneezing
  • Ocular discharge (porphyrin)
  • Dyspnoea / abdominal heaving
  • Head tilt if middle ear involved
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2
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease in reptiles

A
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Open mouth breathing
  • Wheezes or crackles
  • Ocular and/or nasal discharge
  • Stomatitis
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3
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease in birds

A
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia
  • “Fluffed up”
  • Crusting around the nares
  • Periorbital swelling
  • Dyspnoea or tail bobbing
  • Voice change
  • Tachypnoea
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4
Q

What husbandry questions should you ask the owner of a small mammal with respiratory disease?

A
  • Are they kept inside vs outside?
  • Any recent changes?
  • Is the environment dusty?
  • What is their diet?
  • Any new pets?
  • Any recent stress?
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5
Q

What husbandry questions should you ask the owner of a reptile with respiratory disease?

A
  • Where are they kept: vivarium vs drawer vs table?
  • Temperature?
  • Humidity?
  • Diet and supplements?
  • Any new pets?
  • Any recent changes to their environment?
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6
Q

What husbandry questions should you ask the owner of a bird with respiratory disease?

A
  • Where is the cage kept?
  • Do you use any sprays / air fresheners?
  • Diet?
  • UV?
  • Any recent changes?
  • Any other pets?
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7
Q

What do you need to establish on clinical exam of the exotic pet with suspected respiratory disease?

A

Localise the problem to:
* URT
* LRT
* Both
* A different system altogether

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8
Q

What diagnostic options are there for the exotic pet with respiratory disease? What would you use each for?

A

Radiography / CT
* Diagnose abscesses, neoplasia, congestion / consolidation

Endoscopy
* Can take biopsies and locate FBs

Ultrasonography
* Useful for heart scans

Haematology and biochemistry
* Detect inflammatory process, organ damage (e.g. liver in birds)
* Can help determine severity, help with stabilisation
* Could be done pre-GA before imaging
* May be normal despite respiratory tract pathology

PCR testing from swabs
* e.g. for Mycoplasma , herpes

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9
Q

Which swabs can you take from exotic pets and how should you choose?

A

Aim for whatever will get you a representative sample, using the least invasive technique.
* Deep nasal swab, nasolacrimal duct flush - rabbits
* Nasal flush - birds
* Lesion / oral swab - reptiles

Can also perform BAL/ tracheal lavage at 2ml/kg
Remember bacterial contaminants on swab and interpret appropriately

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10
Q

What are some differentials for respiratory disease in small mammals and which are most common?

A
  • URT bacterial infections
  • LRT bacterial infections
  • Husbandry: allergies, dust , poor ventilation, stress, poor diet
  • Viruses (respiratory or systemic)
  • Fungal infection e.g. aspergillosis
  • Parasitic e.g. lungworm in ferrets
  • Dental disease e.g. rabbits
  • Circulatory causes e.g. heat disease and pulmonary oedema, arteriosclerosis
  • Trauma e.g. lung contusion
  • SOL e.g. tumours, abscesses
  • Foreign bodies
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11
Q

Which animals is aspergillosis more common in: indoor or outdoor pets?

A

Aspergillosis is more common in small mammals kept outdoors

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12
Q

Which animals are foreign bodies more common in: indoor or outdoor pets?

A

Foreign bodies are more common in small mammals kept outdoors

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13
Q

Common respiratory pathogens of guinea pigs

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Chlamydophila caviae
  • Adenovirus
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14
Q

What might you see with URT bacterial infections in small mammals?

A
  • Rhinitis
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Nasolacrimal duct infections
  • Otitis media
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15
Q

What might you see with LRT bacterial infections in small mammals?

A
  • Tracheitis
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia
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16
Q

Common respiratory pathogens of rabbits

A
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
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17
Q

Common respiratory pathogens of rats and mice

A
  • Mycoplasma pulmonis
  • Pasteurella pneumotropica
  • Strep pneumoniae
  • Sendai virus (mice)
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18
Q

Differential diagnoses for respiratory disease in reptiles and which are most common

A
  • URT bacterial infections
  • Viruses
  • Husbandry issues
  • Space-occupying lesions
  • LRT bacterial infections
  • Fungal infections
  • Parasites
  • Dental disease
  • Trauma
  • Foreign bodies
  • Circulatory issues (uncommon but possible)
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19
Q

What signs would you see with URT bacterial infections in reptiles?

A
  • Rhinitis
  • May also affect structures outside the resp tract: conjunctivitis, stomatitis, periorbital abscesses
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20
Q

What signs would you see with LRT bacterial infections in reptiles?

A
  • Tracheitis
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia
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21
Q

Which respiratory viruses affect reptiles?

A
  • Herpes virus - tortoises🐢
  • Adenovirus - lizards🦎
  • Ophidian paramyxovirus (OPMV) - snakes🐍
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22
Q

Which fungal infections affect reptiles?

A
  • Candida
  • Aspergillosis
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23
Q

Which parasites affect reptiles?

A
  • Lungworm - snakes🐍
  • Rhabdias
  • Ascarids
24
Q

What husbandry issues may play a role in respiratory disease of reptiles?

A
  • High or low temperature
  • High humidity levels
  • Stress
  • Poor ventilation
25
Q

How can dental disease lead to clinical signs in reptiles?

A

Periodontal disease can lead to stomatitis

26
Q

What circulatory issues could cause respiratory signs in reptiles?

A
  • Septic endocarditis
  • Congestive heart failure
27
Q

How coud trauma cause respiratory disease in reptiles?

A
  • Carapace injuries / other injuries could penetrate the lungs
28
Q

Examples of space-occupying lesions that could cause respiratory disease in reptiles

A
  • Abscesses
  • Tumours
  • Reproductive disease
  • Coelomic effusions
  • Granulomas
29
Q

What differential diagnoses are there for respiratory disease in birds and which are most common?

A
  • LRT bacterial infections
  • Fungal infections
  • Husbandry issues (allergy, stress, low humidity, poor hygiene / ventilation, hypovitaminosis A)
  • Space occupying lesions
  • URT bacterial infections
  • Viruses
  • Parasites
  • Circulatory causes
  • Foreign bodies
30
Q

Describe the presentation of URT bacterial infections in birds

A

URT bacterial infections may cause:
* Rhinitis
* Sinusitis
* Conjunctivitis

31
Q

Describe the presentation and an example causative agent of LRT bacterial infections in birds

A

LRT bacterial infections may cause:
* Tracheitis
* Bronchitis
* Airsacculitis
* Pneumonia

Example: Psittacosis (caused by Chlamydia psittaci)

32
Q

Example of respiratory virus commonly affecting chickens

A

Infectious Laryngotracheitis

33
Q

Which fungal infection can often cause respiratory disease in birds?

A

Aspergillosis

34
Q

Examples of parasites of birds affecting the respiratory system

A

Syngamus trachea (gapeworm)

35
Q

Examples of space occupying lesions that may cause respiratory signs in birds

A
  • Tumours
  • Organomegaly
  • Reproductive disease
  • Obesity
  • Rhinoliths
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Choanal atresia
  • Occluding fungal plaques
36
Q

Inhalation of foreign bodies can cause what in birds?

A

Can cause granulomatous tracheitis

37
Q

Generic treatment plan for the exotic pet with respiratory disease

A
  • Oxygen
  • Fluids and supportive nutrition
  • Nebulisation
  • Bronchodilators
  • Mucolytics
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Treatment for the cause e.g. antibiotics, furosemide, acyclovir, antifungals, antiparasitics, husbandry changes, surgery
38
Q

True/false: rabbits are obligate nasal breathers, so open mouthed breathing is always an emergency.

A

True

39
Q

What aspect of treatment is particularly important to a hindgut fermenter?

A

Supportive nutrition (consider for e.g. Oxbow Critical Care diet)

40
Q

In which small mammal should you avoid using steroids if possible?

A

Rabbits are steroid sensitive so avoid if pos

41
Q

What medications could you use in the rabbit with respiratory disease?

A
  • Bronchodilator e.g. terbutaline which can be used in a nebuliser
  • Mucolytic such as bromhexine which can be given in food
  • NSAID e.g. meloxicam which can be given in food / injectable
42
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat Mycoplasma in a rat?

A

Doxycycline

43
Q

What antibiotic would be an appropriate first line, broad spectrum choice for the small mammal with respiratory disease?

A

TMPS (e.g. sulfatrim)

44
Q

You have a rabbit with an abscess. Which antibiotics will you choose and how will you administer them?

A

You could use metronidazole + penicillin
BUT the penicillin must be parenteral NOT oral. If you give the rabbit oral penicillin it will die☠️

45
Q

What rule can you use to help determine safe antibiotic use in rabbits?

A

PLACE rule

General practitioners should remember the antibiotics that should NEVER be given orally to rabbits by remembering the acronym “PLACE” - penicillins, lincosamides, amoxicillin, cephalosporins and erythromycin!
Source: https://www.vetshow.com/blogs/10-questions-about-zoological-medicine#:~:text=General%20practitioners%20should%20remember%20the,%2C%20amoxicillin%2C%20cephalosporins%20and%20erythromycin!

46
Q

Why might a macrolide like azithromycin be useful in a small mammal with respiratory disease?

A

It reduces lung inflammation

47
Q

When should you use enrofloxacin in a small mammal, reptile or bird?

A

When you have C&S that supports it!

48
Q

What reptile-specific considerations should your treatment plan include?

A
  • If malnourished, consider injectable vitamins / liquid dosed supplements in the short term. Long term, still need to improve the diet.
  • Vital to keep reptiles at their POTZ for optimal immune system, drug metabolism etc.
  • Consider heat and ventilation!

POTZ: preferred optimum temperature zone

49
Q

Which antibiotic is often used for protozoal and anaerobic infections in reptiles?

A

Metronidazole

50
Q

Which antibiotic is a common first line broad spectrum choice in birds and reptiles?

A

TMPS (Sulfatrim)

51
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat Mycoplasma in a tortoise?

A

Doxycyline (Karidox)

52
Q

What avian-specific aspects to your treatment plan should you consider when treating the bird with respiratory disease?

A
  • High oxygen demand
  • Fluids and supportive nutrition key - can consider crop tubing
  • Nebulisation is very effective due to bird anatomy
  • Birds have no diaphragm so LRT clinical signs may be coelomic disease instead (don’t get tunnel vision)
53
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat Chlamydia psittaci ?

A

Doxycycline

54
Q

Which antibiotic would you use to treat anaerobic infections in birds?

A

Metronidazole - but NOT for use in poultry!
It has no MRL so MUST NOT be used in food producing species.

55
Q

What are some good first line, broad spectrum antibiotic choices in birds?

A
  • TMPS
  • Penicillin + co-amoxiclav (arguably this is slightly higher category but sometimes still first line)

SMALL ANIMAL (90 decks)

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