16.8.1: Breeding Flashcards
This dog is in:
a) proestrus
b) oestrus
c) metoestrus
d) dioestrus
a) proestrus or b) oestrus
The vagina is oedematous with folds and mucus; it remains this way until oestrogen declines
Phase O = oedematous phase
This dog is in:
a) proestrus
b) oestrus
c) metoestrus
d) dioestrus
a) proestrus or b) metoestrus
The vagina is oedematous with folds and mucus; it remainds this way until oestrogen declines
Phase O = oedematous phase
This dog is in
a) proestrus
b) oestrus
c) metoestrus
d) dioestrus
b) oestrus
Will ovulate in about 2 days, oestrogen is declining.
This dog is in:
a) proestrus
b) oestrus
c) metoestrus
d) dioestrus
b) oestrus
Ovulation is occurring now (Phase A1)
Where is this dog in relation to the fertilisation period?
Beginning of the fertilisation period
Ovulation occurred 2 days ago.
This is Phase A2
Where is this dog in relation to the fertilisation period?
Middle of fertilisation period
Ovulation occurred 4 days ago
Where is this dog in relation to the fertilisation period?
End of fertilisation period
Ovulation occurred 6 days ago
Progesterone is still rising
Which phase of her cycle in this dog in?
Luteal phase
Label stages 1-5
1 - Anoestrus
2 - Proestrus
3 - Early oestrus
4 - Late oestrus
5 - Metoestrus
What effect does elevated plasma oestrogen have on vaginal cytology?
- Elevated plasma oestrogen -> epithelial proliferation
- Epithelium changes from cuboidal to stratified squamous
How can we assess the stage of a bitch’s cycle from vaginal cytology?
- Estimation of ‘cornflake cell index’
- Assessment of number of WBCs
How long after ovulation can be detect pregnancy by ultrasound in the bitch?
- 20 days after ovulation
- Generally we opt for 28days from mating as the day of ovulation is not always known
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Mucometra
There is a small volume of fluid in the uterine lumen
Early pyometra
There is thickening of the uterine wall and fluid accumulation
Pyometra
Gross distension of the uterus with pus
Pregnancy
21 days from ovulation
Embryo visible within anechoic yolk sac
Pregnancy
28 days from ovulation
Embryo visible within the anechoic collapsing yolk sac and amnion
1 - collapsing yolk sac
2 - amnion
Granulosa cell tumour in the bitch
There is marked enlargement, visible on radiography only as a soft tissue opacity
What changes might we find on radiography if the puppies are dead?
- Mineralisation of the skeleton occurs at day 45 - assess number of pups by counting skulls
- Gas in foetus and uterus - pups have been dead for some time; check especially for accumulation of gas in blood vessels of the foetus
- Check for foetal change in shape: overlapping of the skill bones, abnormal posture
True/false: progesterone can be used to assess timing of mating in the bitch.
True
Progesterone rises before and throughout ovulation
What venereal pathogens do we need to screen for in the bitch?
- Brucella canis
- Canine herpes virus
- There are other viral infections that can cause pregnancy loss (canine parvovirus, canine adrenovirus, canine distemper) if the bitch becomes infected during pregnancy but these are NOT venereal pathogens
What venreal pathogens do we need to screen for in the queen?
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
* This is implicated in infertility, resorption and abortion
* This is the most common cause of infectious infertility
* Screening of queens prior to breeding is important
Which feline viruses, although not venereal pathogens, can cause pregnancy loss if the queen is infected during pregnancy?
- Feline herpes virus - can cause late abortion, vaccine = effective prevention
- Feline panleucopenia viruse - can cause abortion, stillbirth, cerebellar hypoplasia
- Ask when she was last in season - if in last 2 months, may need to worry about pyometra. See if clinically well on exam
- Need to find souce of discharge; could be: urethra/bladder/kidney/vestibule/vagina/cervix/uterus
- Could consider ultrasound of uterus, bladder
- Could consider cytology - this is purulent so would expect neutrophils
- Could test progesterone levels
This dog has prepubital vaginitis (overgrowth of commensals in the vestibule and vagina). It improves with first season as local immune system improved.
- Need to palpate the base of the mass and find out where it is coming from
- This mass will prevent normal breeding - would have to AI
- Consider heritability - it might not be the best idea to breed from this dog
She has vaginal hyperplasia that has now prolapsed. It will likely disappear when the dog ovulates. This could be conservatively managed and the dog could then be spayed at an appropriate interval.
You examine a dog that has enlarged mammary glands. What history question do you need to ask?
When was the last season?
Mammary glands will be enlarged if the last oestrus was within 2 months/70 days
How could progesterone concentration be used to estimate the timing of parturition?
- Could use PreMate test to assess progesterone concentration
- Progesterone falls before parturition
- This could help us work out if a dog has primary uterine inertia for example - she would not be showing contractions, but progesterone would have fallen
How could we confirm the presence and function of gonads in dogs?
- Present and functioning ovary -> hCG stim test
- Present and functioning ovary + pituitary -> use GnRH stim test -> the pituitary will priduce FSH and LH and follicle will then produce oestrogen
How could we confirm the presence and function of ovaries in cats?
- Induce ovulation via hCG stim test
- Induce ovulation via GnRH stim test
- After ovulation has been induced, the elevation of progesterone can then be detected
