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All the things continued > 2.2 Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

2.2 Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the histological characteristics of plasmas cells?

A

Clock Face nucleus with nucleus that is push off to the side

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2
Q

What is the CD maker that is specific to macrophages?

A

CD14

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3
Q

What are the the two components of the T cell receptor complex?

A

CD3 and T cell Receptor

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4
Q

What are the histological characteristics of: PMNs?

A

multilobed nucleus (5+)

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5
Q

Hypersegmented PMNs are seen in what disease?

A

B12 deficiency

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6
Q

What are the histological characteristics of: monocytes?

A

Frosted glass appearance with a kidney shaped nucleus

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7
Q

What cytokine activates macrophages?

A

IFN-gamma

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8
Q

What are the histological characteristics of: Eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus, packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size

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9
Q

What are the components of the NAACP mnemonic for the causes of eosinophilia?

A 
Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergic processes
CT disease
Parasites
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10
Q

What are the histological characteristics of: basophils?

A

Densely packed with basophilic granules containing histamine and leukotrienes

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11
Q

Basophilia is a hallmark of what hematological malignancy?

A

CML

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12
Q

What is the drug that prevents mast cell degranulation?

A

Cromolyn sodium

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13
Q

How is CD4+ T cell activation induced?

A

Extracellular antigen is presented via MHC II, and binding of B7 on APC to Cd28 on CD4 T cells provides 2nd signal

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14
Q

What is the second signal that is needed to activate CD4+ T cells, after/ during binding of MHC class II?

A

B7 on APCs binds to CD28 on CD4 T cells

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15
Q

What is the role of CD4 T cells?

A

Secrete cytokines to promote B cell or CD8 T cell activation

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16
Q

What is the function of Th1 cells? What are the cytokines that are secreted in this process?

A

Secrete IL-2 and IFN-gamma to encourage CD8 T cell proliferation

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17
Q

What is the function of Th2 cells, generally?

A

Promotes B cell activation

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18
Q

What are the three cytokines produced by the Th2 cells, and what is the function of each?

A
  • IL-4 = (Class switching to IgG and IgE)
  • IL-5 = (eosinophil chemotaxis and activation)
  • IL-10 = (Inhibits Th1 phenotype)
19
Q

What is the function of IL-4 secreted by Th2 cells?

A

Class switching to IgG and IgE

20
Q

What are the 3 functions of IL-5 secreted by Th2 cells?

A
  • Eosinophils chemotaxis and activation
  • Maturation of B cell to plasma cells
  • Class switching to IgA
21
Q

What is the function of IL-10 secreted by Th2 cells?

A

Inhibits Th1 phenotype

22
Q

What is the role of IFN-gamma secreted by Th1 cells?

A
  • Macrophage and NK cell activator

- Increases MHC expression

23
Q

What is the second signal for CD8+ T cell maturation, after MHC class I presentation of an antigen?

A

IL-2 from CD4+ T cells

24
Q

How do CD8 T cells mediated cellular killing? (2)

A
  • Secretion of perforins and granzyme induce apoptosis of the target cell
  • Binding of FasL on Fas receptor on target cell induces apoptosis
25
Q

What are the key intracellular mediators of cell death?

A

Caspases

26
Q

What are the three ways in which caspases are activated?

A
  • Mito release Cytochrome C
  • Fas receptor activation
  • CD8 T cells dump granzyme
27
Q

What are the two antibodies that are expressed on pro B cells?

A

IgM and IgD

28
Q

How does B cell activation occur? (2)

A
  • Antigen binds IgM or IgD

- CD40 receptor binding by activated Th2 cell

29
Q

Is granulomatous inflammation and acute or chronic type of inflammation?

A

Chronic

30
Q

What is the KEY cell that defines a granuloma? What are these?

A

Epithelioid histiocyte (macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm)

31
Q

What comprises the rim of granulomas?

A

Giant cells and a rim of lymphocytes

32
Q

What are the two major subtypes of granulomas?

A

Caseating and non caseating

33
Q

What is the defining feature of caseating granulomas?

A

Lack central necrosis

34
Q

Which IBD is characterized by noncaseating granulomas?

A

Crohn’s disease

35
Q

What is the histological hallmark of ulcerative colitis?

A

Crypt abscesses

36
Q

Stellate granulomas are characteristic of what infectious disease?

A

Cat scratch disease

37
Q

How can you differentiate between a necrotic and non-necrotic granulomas histologically?

A

Non-necrotic will retain their nuclei in the center

38
Q

What are the two key infectious agents that cause caseating granulomas? What are the two stains that are used to differentiate the two?

A

TB and fungi

AFB stain = TB
GMS stain = Fungi

39
Q

AFB stain + in a granuloma = ?

A

TB

40
Q

GMS stain + in a granuloma = ?

A

Fungal cause

41
Q

What is the first step in making a granuloma?

A

Macrophages present antigen via MHC II to CD4 T cells

42
Q

What happens in the process of granuloma formation after macrophages have presented antigen to CD4 T cells via MHC II?

A

Macrophages secrete IL-12, inducing CD4 T cells to differentiate into Th1 cells

43
Q

What is the role of Th1 cells in the formation of a granuloma, after they have been induced by macrophage secrete IL-12?

A

Secrete IFN-gamma to convert macrophages into epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells

44
Q

What is the cytokine relationship in granuloma formation between macrophages and CD cells?

A

Macrophages secrete IL-12 to cause CD4 cells to differentiate into Th1, and receive IFN-gamma in return

All the things continued (28 decks)

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