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All the things continued > 1.4 Free Radical injury > Flashcards

1.4 Free Radical injury Flashcards

1
Q

What, technically, is a free radical?

A

Chemical species with an unpaired electron in the outer orbit

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2
Q

What is the sequence of chemical that are formed with adding e- to oxygen?

A

Superoxide
H2O2
OH*
H2O

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3
Q

What are the metals that classically produce free radicals?

A

Cu

Fe

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4
Q

What free radical is generated from ionizing radiation hitting water?

A

OH*

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5
Q

What is the most damaging free radical?

A

OH*

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6
Q

What is the name of the reaction that generates free radicals from Fe?

A

Fenton reaction

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7
Q

What is the underlying mechanism of damage in both Wilson’s disease, and hemochromatosis?

A

Free radical production and damage

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8
Q

What is the MOA of the drug used to treat acetaminophen overdose?

A

N-acetylcysteine–L-cysteine is a precursor to the biologic antioxidant glutathione. Hence administration of acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione stores

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9
Q

What are the two major ways that free radicals cause damage?

A
  • Peroxidation of lipids

- Oxidation of DNA and proteins

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10
Q

What are the three major mechanisms by which free radicals can be eliminated?

A
  • Antioxidants
  • Enzymes
  • Metal carrier proteins
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11
Q

What are the three major enzymes involved in the breakdown of free radicals?

A
  • SOD
  • Glutathione peroxidase
  • Catalase
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12
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down superoxide? What does it turn this into?

A

Superoxide dismutase

H2O2

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13
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down H2O2? What does it turn this into?

A

Catalase

OH*

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14
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down OH*? What does it turn this into?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

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15
Q

What is the chemical that was classically found in the dry cleaning industry that is a major producer of free radicals?

A

CCl4

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16
Q

Where does CCl4 get metabolized? What happens to the metabolite generated?

A

p450- system of the liver

CCl3 damages hepatocytes

17
Q

What is the classic histological change that occurs with CCl3 injury? Why?

A

Fatty change, d/t disruption of apolipoprotein synthesis and buildup of lipids

18
Q

What causes reperfusion injury?

A

When oxygen returns, PMNs react to the dead tissue and produce free radicals, which the cells cannot handle d/t loss of protective mechanisms

19
Q

What causes the continued rise in troponin with catheterization of the heart?

A

reperfusion injury

All the things continued (28 decks)

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