2011 final Flashcards
Which of the following shapes of pelvic inlet is most common in females?
Gynecoid
A woman who had multiple deliveries goes to the doctor asking for correction for her chronic urinary incontinence. Which of the following structures might be injured?
Tendinuous arch of pelvic fascia
Which of the following structures is an inherent component of the
urogenital diaphragm?
The urethral sphincter
Which of the following structures forms the inferior border of the deep perineal pouch?
Perineal membrane
Which part of the birth canal is anesthetized in pudendal block done before delivery?
The inferior part of the vagina
Which of the following structures is used is landmark for pudendal block?
Ischial spine
Which of the following nerves carry fibers for emission in male?
Lumbar splanchnics
Fibers from which of the following nerves will eventually enter the inferior hypogastric plexus?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
In which phase does the endometrium shows coil-shaped glands?
Secretory phase
Which of the following structures develop from the celomic epithelium?
Follicular cells
Which of the following embryological structures form the primordial germ cells?
Primary sex cords
Which of the following structures form from the paramesonephric ducts?
Uterine tube
Which of the following structures move outside the abdominal cavity along the pathway made by gubernaculum?
Processus vaginalis
Breast cancer that has metastasized to the spine. Which of the following confers the easiest route for the metastasis?
Posterior intercostal veins
Which lymph nodes will the lymph from the breast eventually drain into?
Central axillary lymph nodes
Resection of which lymph nodes might injure the thoracodorsal nerve?
Subscapular lymph nodes
A 32 year old female was diagnosed with LSIL. Which of the following pathological features are suspected to show histologically?
HPV associated changes
An endometrial biopsy showed a thin endometrium with few inactive
glands. What is this condition called?
Endometrial atrophy
An endometrium showed proliferation followed by shedding without any secretory changes. What is it called?
Anovulatory endometrium
A placental tumor that showed hemorrhagic necrosis. Which one is that?
Choriocarcinoma
The placental vessels had narrow lumens with thick walls. What could be the associated condition?
Essential hypertension
A female presented with postmenopausal bleeding, after which she had her uterus taken out. The uterus showed endometrial carcinoma; what would determine the prognosis of the tumor in this patient?
Depth of myometrial invasion
An endometrial biopsy showed a diffuse abnormality associated with prominent glandular proliferation and nuclear stratification. What is the underlying pathology?
Simple hyperplasia
A woman presented with vaginal bleeding; an endometrial biopsy was taken and showed cells infiltrating into the myometrium. There were increased mitoses, nuclear atypia and pleomorphism. What is the underlying pathology?
Endometrial carcinoma
A mass in the uterus showed whorled pattern with interlaced muscle bundles. What is the pathology?
Leiomyoma
A woman who presented with abdominal pain showed a cystic mass in the ovary. The mass was taken out and showed hemorrhage, dense stroma, and glands. What could this mass be?
Endometriotic cyst
An endometrium showed branching hyperplasia with atypia and pleomorphism but without evidence of invasion?
Complex hyperplasia with atypia
A woman presented with a mobile mass in her breast. It was taken out and showed diffuse stroma and slit like glands. What is the diagnosis?
Fibroadenoma
A woman presented with a mobile mass in her breast. The mass showed branching proliferation of the ductal epithelium, stroma, and bare myoepithelial cells. What is the diagnosis?
- Benign simple cyst
- Fibroadenoma
• Fibroadenoma
Which of the following pathological features will be seen in a breast cancer with BRCA1 mutaion?
Estrogen, progesterone, and her-2 receptors are all negative
Which of the following techniques are used to detect BRCA1 exonic deletions?
MLPA
A woman with breast cancer has shown a good response when treated with PARP inhibitors. What could the underlying mutation be?
- BRCA1
- BRCA2
?
Which of the following is a definite cause of infertility?
Anti-ovarian antibodies
Which antibodies are associated with recurrent miscarriages?
Antiphospholipid antibodies
Which of the following factors maintain the immunologic tolerance to the embryo during pregnancy?
- Immunosuppressive factors
- Th2 cytokines
• Immunosuppressive factors
Note: Th2 cytokines are included in the immunosuppressive factors
How do the inflammatory cytokines mediate miscarriage?
They cause apoptosis of trophoblast cells
What is the normal age range for menarche?
10 to 12 years
What is the normal age range for menopause?
40 to 55 years
The paramesonephric ducts will form the mullerian ducts which will eventually form the uterine tube and uterus. When does that developmental change take place?
- 9th week
- 7th week
- 12th week
- 14th week
?
A woman gave birth to a child. The mother and the nurses couldn’t identify the sex of the baby which has ambiguous genitalia. Laboratory tests revealed high testosterone levels. The baby has an autosomal recessive disease affecting the enzymes that produces cortisol from cholesterol. What is the diagnosis?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Which of the following controls the menstrual cycle in females?
Anterior pituitary
A female who menstruates for 6 to 7 days every 28 days, passes heavy amounts of blood with large clots. What is this condition called?
Menorrhagia
Which of the following conditions represents ovulatory dysfunctional bleeding?
Corpus luteum insufficiency
Which of the following condition represents anovulatory dysfunctional bleeding?
Metropathia hemorrhagica
A 16 year old girl who has not menstruated yet was evaluated for amenorrhea. After physical examination, the obstetrician took out a large amount of clotted blood that was in her vagina due to an abnormality in her genital tract. What another presentation is usually associated with this condition?
- Dysmenorrhea
- Annular hymen
• Dysmenorrhea
A woman was found to have low bone mineral density and has a family history of hormone positive breast cancer. Based on your pharmacological knowledge, which drug should be given to her?
Raloxifene
During pregnancy, expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes decrease. However, the vital capacity remains constant. What explains that?
The increase in tidal volume during pregnancy
Increase in which of the following hormones is the cause of diabetogenecity during pregnancy?
Human placental lactogen
What is the main mechanism involved in the transfer of nutrient from the mother to the fetus?
Diffusion
Which of the following events occur during the first half of pregnancy?
Increased lipogenesis
Which of the following conditions develop during pregnancy due to the expansion of blood volume faster than red blood cell synthesis?
Physiological anemia
Which of the following causes constipation during pregnancy?
Decrease in motilin
Which of the following conditions is characterized by hypertension, edema, proteinuria, and seizures?
Eclampsia
A man was found to have a heterosexual relationship. He developed an indurated non tender ulcer with clean base on his glans penis. Which of the following is the most appropriate method to confirm the diagnosis?
- Dark ground microscopy
- VDRL
- RPR
- TPHA
- FTA Abs
• Dark ground microscopy
Note: the fact that this question isn’t written by a microbiologist should be taken into consideration; however, the answer highlighted above is the correct one since it is explicitly written in the note
