2009. Zwicker And Harris. A Reflection On Motor Learning Theory In Paediatric Occupational Therapy Practice Flashcards
What could a 4 part framework of motor theory look like?
Zwicker + Harris 2009
- Blocked practice during cognitive stage- so child can understand task
- Start practicing part of the task, and the move to full skill in context
- Describe the type of explicitly feedback provided during the cognitive phase
- During associate stage could highlight variability of practice with a random practice schedules, with greater emphasis on implicit feedback
Definition of motor learning according to Schmidt + Lee 2005
Zwicker + Harris 2009
A set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for movement
Explain Adams (1971) closed-loop theory- motor learning theory ?
- posits that sensory feedback is required for learning - but been discredited by studies with humans and animals that have shown that motor learning is possible without sensory feedback
- assumes motor learning is enhanced by repeated practice of same movement
Explain Schmidt 1975’s Schema therapy?
- proposed open-loop process
- suggested that generalised motor programs created from past moments, but did not explainer how motor planning formed
Explain Dynamic systems theory- Bernstein 1967?
Zwicker + Harris 2009
- considered contemporary theapy of motor learning
- rejection of hierarchical view of CNS
- less emphasis on CNS and more on interaction of three general systems: environment, person, and task
What are the three stages of learning that motor learning emphasis - Fitss and Posner 1967?
- Cognitive stage- improved performance is contingent on individuals conscious effort to attend to task requirements (often through activiation through verbalisation)
- Associate stage - learning from errors critical
- Automaticity of motor learning- when little cognitive effort required to execute
When is automaticity achieved?
Zwicker + Harris 2009
It is evidenced when a motor skill can be achieved while doing another task (less brain activation is required)
What different types of tasks does motor theory outline?
Zwicker + Harris 2009
Discrete: recognisable beginning and end (throwing a ball)
Continuous: do not have inherent start and finish (walking)
Serial: collection of discrete (dressing)
What is one fo the most important tenants of motor learning?
(Zwicker + Harris 2009)
Practice!
What are the different types of feedback in motor learning?
Zwicker + Harris 2009
Intrinsic: information provided by sensory systems as a result of movement (not under conscious control)
Extrinsic: results from stated directions (eg. Verbal feedback)