2008. Kleim. Principles Of Experience-Development Neural Plasticity: Implications For Rehabiliation After Brain Injury

Question 1

Do animal findings automatically translate to specific recommendations for the rehabilitation clinic?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 1

No they don’t

Question 2

Can neuroscience understand brain circuitary at the level for full rehabilitation- and what is needed?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 2

No it is not yet (keep following this up!)

What is needed?
1. New neutrons (or neutrons?)

2. Neural connections in the right place

Question 3

What three things drive changes in neuroplasiticity?

Kleim 2008

Answer 3

1. Behaviour
2. Sensory
3. Cognitive experiences

Question 4

What parts of the brain are involved in learning?

Kleim 2008

Answer 4

Changes in

1. Genes
2. Synapses
3. Neutrons
4. Neuronal networks

Question 5

What is Kleim’s 10 principles of experience dependent neuroplasticity? (Which he claims is hardly a comprehensive list)

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 5

1. Use it or lose it
2. Use it and improve it
3. Specificity
4. Repetition matters
5. Intensity matters
6. Time matters
7. Salience matters
8. Age matters
9. Transference
10. Interference

Question 6

What are the key components to Kleims principle “use it or lose it”? (3 parts)

(Hint: neural circuits not what?)

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 6

1. Neural circuits not activity engaged for an extended period of period begin to degrade
2. Sensory deprivation rules not in total loss of cortical function bur rather reallocation of cortical territory
3. Function recovery may be support by shifting novel function to residual brain areas

Question 7

What does Kliems principle “use it and improve it” entail?

(Hint: what can plasticity be induced by specifically? And where is profound plasticity found?)

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 7

• studies show how plasticity can be induced through extended training
• improvement in sensory and motor performance brought about by skill training is accompanied by profound plasticity within the cerebral cortex

Question 8

What does Kleims neuroplasticity principle ‘specificity’ entail?

(Hint: does what to neural connection? And what example?)

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 8

Learning a specific skill acquision, rather than more general movement, requires to produce significant changes in patterns of neural connection

Example: Humans trained in skilled ankle movements exhibited enhanced cortical-spinal excitability compared to those trained to repeat unskilled movements

Question 9

What does Kleims neuroplasticy principle “repetition matters” entail?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 9

Repatition of newly learned behaviours are required to induce lasting neural changes

Some forms of plasticity require continued performance of that skill over time

Question 10

What does Kleim’s neuroplasticity principle “intensity matters” entail?

(And how can it impact the induction of neuroplasticity?)
(Kleim 2008)

Answer 10

• intensive of stimulation can affect the induction of neuroplasiticity
• studies using Transcranial magnetic stimulation found certain pulses, not lower ones, sufficient to induce lasting increases in motor-evoked potential amplitudes

Question 11

What does Kleim’s neuroplasticity principles ‘time matters’ entail?

(What example long been known? And how impact brain damage? And unintended impact? )
(Kleim 2008)

Answer 11

Entail: Certain types of plasticity appear to precede and even depend upon others

Example: long been known that consolidations of memories require time

Brain damage and time: there are major cascades of neuronal reactions to brain damage that occur over periods of months or longer

Unintended impact: time delays can also allow for greater establishment of compensatory behaviours

Question 12

What does Kleim’s neuroplasticity principle “salience matters” entail?

(What example?
(Kleim 2008)

Answer 12

• Entail: in order for an organisation to effectively function there must be a system in place to weigh the importance of any given experience that it can be endorsed
• Example: Research in auditory tones show that plasticity is dependent upon the salience of the experience

Question 13

What neurotransmitter is pivotal in its contribution to salience of experiences?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 13

Acetylcholine (a-c-tyl-Coe-lean)

Also pivotal in memory, arousal and attention

Question 14

What does Kleims neuroplasticity principle “age matters” entail?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 14

-normal ageing is associated with widespread neuronal and synaptic atrophy

Question 15

What does Kleims neuroplasticity principle “Transference” entail?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 15

• refers to the ability of plasticity within set of neural circuits to promote concurrent or sub-current plasticity
• use of electrical stimulation or other stimulations coupled with skill learning- augment strategy

Question 16

What does Kleim’s neuroplasticity principle “interference” entail? (4 parts)

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 16

1. Plasticity can also serve to impede behavioural change
2. When stimulation is applied outside of the training experience there is potential to disrupt
3. It is also possible for behavioural experience to drive plasticity in direction that will impede optimal behavioural recovery
4. brain injury can change the neural response during learning and sensitivity to interference effects

Question 17

What does Kleims neuroplasticity principle ‘specificity’ challenge?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 17

Challenges the assumption of generalisation (research shows limits of generalisation of trained language abilities)

Question 18

What does Kleims neuroplasticy principle “repetition matters” show?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 18

That simple engagement does not drive neuroplasiticity

Question 19

Related to Kleim’s neuroplasticity principle “interference” brain injury can change what in relation to learning and interference?

(Kleim 2008)

Answer 19

brain injury can change the neural response during learning

sensitivity to interference effects