2- Stress And Adaptation (ch 42)

Question 0

Stressor

Answer 0

Anything that is perceived as threatening, challenging or demanding

• disrupters within any system
• links environmental demands and the perceptions of those demands as challenging and threatening

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

Affects the whole person in all human dimensions - physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual- positively or negatively.

Feeling that demands exceed the personal and social resources one is able to mobilize
Results from the change in the environment that is perceived as a threat, challenge, or danger.

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

A change that takes place as a result of the response to a stressor. Ongoing process to maintain balance

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Various physiologic mechanisms within the body respond to internal changes to maintain relative constancy in the internal environment

Question 4

Local Adaptation Syndrome LAS

Answer 4

Localized response of the body to stress. Involves only a specific body part/organ Not the whole body

Question 5

Reflex pain response

Answer 5

Rapid and automatic response of the CNS to pain and serves as a protective mechanism to prevent injury

Question 6

Inflammatory response

Answer 6

Local response to injury or infection. Serves to localize and prevent the spread of infection and promote wound healing

Question 7

General Adaptation Syndrome GAS

developed by Hans Selye

Answer 7

Body’s general response to stress.

3 stages:

1. Alarm (short, min-hours, fight or flight rising hormones, epinephrine);
2. Stage of Resistance (body attempts to adapt and stabilize);
3. Stage of Exhaustion (adaptive mechanisms are exhausted and now unable to adapt)

Question 8

Psychosomatic disorders

Answer 8

Physiological alterations are thought to be at least partially caused by psychological influences.

(Ex: Stress causing a person to be ill. Their psychological factor is making them sick)

Question 9

Anxiety

Answer 9

Vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort, guilt, doubt, fears or dread from an often unknown source.
Threat may be real or imagined

Question 10

Types of anxiety

Answer 10

Pg 1527
4 types: 
Mild
Moderate
Severe- fight or flight, nonadaptive, 
Panic

Question 11

Coping mechanism

Answer 11

Conscious behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety.

Question 12

Defense mechanism

Answer 12

Unconscious reactions to stressors

Question 13

Commonly occurring defense mechanisms

Answer 13

Compensation, denial, displacement, introjection, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation, undoing

Question 14

Effects of stress

Answer 14

• stress and the basic human needs (maslow’s)
• stress in health and illness
• long term stress *serious threat to physical and emotional health
• Family Stress (stress that affects an ill person also affects family members)
• Crisis

Question 15

Caregiver burden

Answer 15

Prolonged stress of caring for a family member at home for long periods

Question 16

Crisis

Answer 16

Disturbance caused by an event such as a perceived loss, a threat of loss, or challenge that is perceived as a threat to self

Question 17

2 Sources of stress

Answer 17

• Developmental stress (when a person progresses through normal stages of growth)
• Situational stress (occurs at any time)

Question 18

Types if stressors

Answer 18

1. Physiologic stressors -alteration of normal body function

2. Psychosocial Stressors - real and perceived threats.

Question 19

Burnout

Answer 19

Behaviors that include becoming overwhelmed and developing symptoms of stress

Question 20

Crisis intervention

Answer 20

5 step problem solving technique

1. ID the problem clearly
2. List all possible solutions. (Alternatives)
3. Choose from alternative solutions
4. Implement
5. Evaluate

Question 21

NIC - Anxiety Reduction

Answer 21

• use calm reassuring approach
• explain all procedures and sensations to be experienced
• stay w/ patient to promote safety & reduce fear
• listen attentively
• encourage verbalization of feelings etc
• instruct patient to use relaxation technique
• assess for verbal & nonverbal signs of anxiety

Question 22

NOC - Anxiety Reduction

Answer 22

Improved anxiety level
Improved anxiety self-control
Impr. coping
Impr. information processing
Impr. stress level

Question 23

Fight or flight

Answer 23

• Heart beats faster to circulate blood more quickly
• Blood vessels dilate
• Pupils dilate
• Glucose is released into the blood by liver
• Airways in he lungs dilate so more blood is oxygenated.

Question 24

Mild anxiety

Answer 24

Day to day, increase alertness and perceptual fields, motivates learning and growth, facilitates problem solving

Question 25

Moderate anxiety

Answer 25

Narrows a person’s perceptual fields so focus is on immediate concern, quavering voice, tremors, increased muscle tension, complaint of butterflies in stomach, slight increase pulse and respirations

Question 26

Severe anxiety

Answer 26

Creates narrow focus on specific details, impaired learning ability, easily distracted,difficulty communicating, increased motor activity, fearful facial expression, headache, nausea, dizziness, tachycardia, hyperventilation

Question 27

Fear

Answer 27

A feeling of dread. A Cognitive response to a known threat

Question 28

Compensation

Answer 28

Person attempts to overcome a perceived weakness by emphasizing a more desirable trait or overachieving in a more comfortable area

Question 29

Denial

Answer 29

Person refuses to acknowledge the presence of a condition that is disturbing

Question 30

Displacement

Answer 30

Person transfers (displaces) an emotional reaction from one object or person to another object or person

Question 31

Introjection

Answer 31

Person incorporates qualities or values of another person into his or her own ego structure.
*important in the formation of conscience during childhood.

Question 32

Projection

Answer 32

Persons thoughts or impulses are attributed to someone else

Question 33

Rationalization

Answer 33

Person tries to give a logical or socially acceptable explanation for questionable behavior
(Behavior justification)

Question 34

Reaction formation

Answer 34

Person developed conscious attitudes of behavior patterns that are opposite to what he or she would really like to do.

Question 35

Regression

Answer 35

Person returns to an earlier method of behaving.

Question 36

Repression

Answer 36

A person voluntarily excludes an anxiety producing event from conscious awareness.

Question 37

Sublimation

Answer 37

A person who substitutes a socially acceptable goal foe one whose normal channel of expression is blocked.

Question 38

Undoing

Answer 38

An act or communication used to negates previous act or communication