2 deliberately misleading or falsely informing PPS about the nature of research. Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Define deception

A

deliberately misleading or falsely informing PPS about the nature of research.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the risks of deception

A

Can cause potential distress and harm to PPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the issue with sometimes having to deceive participants

A

in some cases, statements about the purpose of the psychological research before data collection would make some psychological research impossible (e.g. Milgram).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Outline 4 points the BPS guidelines make about deception

A
  • PPS should not be lied to about the aim and hypothesis of a study
  • Misleading information or withholding information is considered deceptive
  • withholding information would be considered acceptable if it was considered unlikely that revelations about the research through debriefing would not cause distress or anger
  • Where research involves deception it should be designed in such a way that it protects the dignity and anonymity of the pps.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can a lack of confidentiality lead to

A

risks to the PPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outline 4 points the BPS guidelines make about confidentiality

A
  • All data should remain confidential unless otherwise agreed in advance to avoid labelling and risks to pps status and/or privacy.
  • Pps have a right to expect that the information they provide will be treated confidentially and, if published, not to be identifiable as their own.
  • researchers should follow guidelines of the Data Protection Act.
  • using pp numbers rather than names, and only recording data that is relevant to the investigation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do BPS guidelines say about Stress, anxiety, humiliation or pain BPS Guidelines

A
  • Harm to participants must be avoided.
  • The risk of harm should be no greater than in ordinary life.
  • Pps must not be exposed to psychological or physical harm
  • If research contains legitimate risks consideration must be taken that research is being undertaken for the greater good of society as a whole.
  • In instances where risk is unavoidable, the use of a risk analysis should be undertaken to identify, quantify and manage potential hazards.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of research is likely to cause Risks to the PPS values, beliefs, status or privacy

A

focuses on socially sensitive topics (sexuality) and includes potentially sensitive data (confidential documents).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the issue with Risks to the PPS values, beliefs, status or privacy

A

it is difficult to determine all potential risks at the onset of research (Milgram)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do BPS guidelines state about Risks to the PPS values, beliefs, status or privacy

A
  • Research should occur overtly to allow pps the right to decline to participate or to withdraw from the process.
  • Covert collection of data should only take place where it is essential to achieve the results required, due to strong scientific merit. This will be decided through a cost-benefit analysis undertaken by an ethical committee
  • Studies based on observation in a natural setting must respect the privacy and psychological wellbeing of the pps, the only exceptions to this being when valid consent has been gained or when pps are observed in a public situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can lack of valid consent lead to

A

risks for the PPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define valid consent

A

giving PPS enough information (in a form they can understand) so that they can make an informed choice about whether they wish to participate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do BPS guidelines state about valid consent

A
  • the level of consent required is directly proportionate to the risk for the pps involved.
  • Pps should usually give written consent to participate in the research, where any unusual discomfort, or negative consequences, should be made clear to the participants before they provide consent.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are vulnerable individuals

A

Children under the age of 16, those lacking in mental capacity, or individuals in a dependent or unequal relationship, people in care, people in custody (prison) or on probation, and people engaged in illegal activities, such as drug use,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

BPS guidelines on working with vulnerable individuals

A
  • researchers should constantly assess pps willingness to participate. This could be done through observing both verbal and non-verbal clues which suggests the pp does not wish to continue.
  • the researcher should seek the approval of a person who is well placed to gauge their likely reactions to the research tasks.
  • For children under 16 parental consent should be sought, or for research in schools consent can be sought from a senior member of staff (proxy consent).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

BPS guidelines on minimising risks

A
  • follow procedures for valid consent, confidentiality, anonymity, fair treatment and ‘due process’ that is consistent with upholding that participants rights.
  • participants are aware of and given the right to withdraw their participation or data at any point.
  • participants should not be personally identifiable
  • Unfair, prejudice practice should be avoided at all times both in pp selection and the content of the research itself.
  • If valid consent before the research cannot be gained a Debrief is essential.
  • Pps should leave the research as they arrived
17
Q

What do ethical guidelines attempt to do

A

attempt to provide a set of moral principles that guide research from its inception through to completion and publication of results.
Ethical issues should not arise in research that adheres to ethical guidelines.

18
Q

What are The four main principles of the British Psychological Society’s (BPS) guidelines

A
  • respect for autonomy, privacy, and dignity of individuals and communities
  • scientific integrity
  • social responsibility
  • maximising benefits and minimising harm.
19
Q

What is the role of a ethical committee

A

ensure that proposed research meets the standards of the current ethical codes of conduct and guidelines.

20
Q

What is the ethical committee responsible for

A

reviewing all research involving human participants, considering the safety of researchers, protecting the dignity, rights and welfare of the research participants, making informed judgements about the scientific merits of the proposed research, and making recommendations to the researcher if the proposed research is deemed to be unethical in any way

21
Q

Define the process of a peer review

A

1) Researcher submits article to journal]
2) The article is assessed by editor of journal
3) If accepted by editor article sent to anonymous reviewer
4) The reviewer will submit comments to the editor
5) The editor may reject article or return it to the author to make revisions
6) Revised article is re-submitted to editor for publication.

22
Q

Format for reporting Psychological Investigations

A

1) An abstract (summary of the study)
2) An introduction to existing knowledge on the topic (including lit review)
3) Methods ( such as sampling and research design) and procedures
4) Results including frequency tables, descriptive and/or inferential stats, and graphical representations
5) Conclusions (discussion) and implications of the research.
6) References