1.1.4 Raine Et Al Study (Bi)

Question 1

What is Research Hypothesis 1?

Answer 1

Dysfunction in brain structures such as the prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, left angular gyrus and limbic system will be found more often in murderers than a control group of non murderers

Question 2

What is the purpose of the control group?

Answer 2

Baseline for comparison

Question 3

Is Research hypothesis 1 adirectional, non directional or a null hypothesis?

Answer 3

Directional

Question 4

What is research hypothesis 2?

Answer 4

Dysfunction in brain structures such as the prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, left angular gyrus and limbic system will be found more often in murderers, than dysfunction in other areas of the brain that have been implicated in non violent psychiatric disorders

Question 5

Is research hypothesis 2 directional, non directional or null?

Answer 5

Directional

Question 6

Where is the left angular gyrus found?

Answer 6

In the parietal lobe

Question 7

What components make up the limbic system?

Answer 7

Amygdala Hippocampus Thalamus

Question 8

Methodology

Question 9

What was Raine et al’s research method and what does this mean?

Answer 9

Raine et al used a quasi-experiment, this means the IV is naturally occurring

Question 10

What was the IV in Raines experiment?

Answer 10

Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) or not

Question 11

What was the DV in Raines experiment?

Answer 11

Dysfunction in different brain areas

Question 12

How was the DV operationalised?

Answer 12

Using PET scan results to see metabolic activity in the brain

Question 13

Who were the subjects (participants) in Raines study?

Answer 13

A group of 41 prisoners all charged with murder but who pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity

Question 14

Reasons for the 41 offendeds to prove their diminished capacity were

Answer 14

Their specific mental disorder

Question 15

What does NGRI mean?

Answer 15

Not guilty by reason of insanity

Question 16

Where were the participants charged with murder or manslaughter?

Answer 16

In California

Question 17

How many offenders gave schizophrenia as a reason

Answer 17

6

Question 18

How many offenders gave history of head injury/brain damage as a reason

Answer 18

23

Question 19

How many offenders gave history of drug abuse as a reason

Answer 19

3

Question 20

How many offenders gave affective disorder as a reason

Answer 20

2

Question 21

How many offenders gave epilepsy as a reason

Answer 21

2

Question 22

How many offenders gave history of learning disability as a reason

Answer 22

3

Question 23

How many offenders gave personality disorder as a reason

Answer 23

2

Question 24

What gender were the participants?

Answer 24

39 were male 2 were female

Question 25

What was the average age of the participants?

Answer 25

34.3 years

Question 26

What happened the two weeks before brain scanning?

Answer 26

No murderer was given psychoactive medication

Question 27

How many patients were referred for scanning due to schizophrenia?

Answer 27

• 6

Question 28

How many subjects were referred for scanning due to brain damage/ head injury?

Answer 28

23

Question 29

What was each subject matched with?

Answer 29

A non murderer subject

Question 30

How were the subjects and controlled matched?

Answer 30

As closely as possible for: • age • gender • schizophrenia

Question 31

What did all controls undergo?

Answer 31

Screening for mental illness, drug taking and history of murder

Question 32

What group did the non murderers make up?

Answer 32

The control group

Question 33

Procedures

Question 34

How were the pps selected

Answer 34

Oportunity sampling

Question 35

Give a brief outline of the procedure raine used:

Answer 35

• injection • continuous performance task • PET scan

Question 36

What were all participants injected with?

Answer 36

A tracer substance that was taken up by the brain to show the location of brain metabolism (fluorodeoxyglucose/FDG)

Question 37

How long did it take for the FDG to be taken up by the brain

Answer 37

32 minuets

Question 38

What was the CPT the participants underwent and when was it done?

Answer 38

• Detecting signals, designed to activate target areas of the brain
• Done straight after the drug was administered

Question 39

When was the PET scan given?

Answer 39

After the 32 minuets

Question 40

What does a PET scan involve

Answer 40

10 horizontal slices of the brain were recorded using the corticle peel and box techniques

Question 41

What was the PET scan used to show activity in?

Answer 41

6 main areas outside the brain (cortical) 8 main area inside the brain (subcortical)

Question 42

What did raine et al’s study focus on?

Answer 42

Brain scans of violent individuals who has committed murder and pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity

Question 43

What did Raines procedure do to get its sample

Answer 43

Opportunity sampling - Raine selected his subjects from those referred for scanning

Question 44

What did Raines findings show for the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 44

Lower metabolic activity in murderers than in controls Lower activity is linked to loss of self control and altered emotion

Question 45

What did Raines findings show for the parietal cortex?

Answer 45

Murderers showed lower activity levels especially in the left angular gyrus Lower activity is linked to low verbal ability, leading to education failure and thus crime

Question 46

What did Raines findings show about the temporal cortex?

Answer 46

No difference

Question 47

What did Raines findings show about the corpus callosum?

Answer 47

Lower activity in murderers Lower activity was expected as it could stop the left hemisphere inhibiting the rights violence

Question 48

What did Raines findings show about the amygdala?

Answer 48

Lower activity in the left in murderers

Question 49

What did Raines findings show about the thalamus?

Answer 49

Higher activity in the right side

Question 50

What did Raines findings show about the medial temporal?

Answer 50

Lower activity in the left compared to the right in murderers

Question 51

Found reduced activity (lower glucose metabolism) in the brain of NGRI pps in areas previously linked to violence

Answer 51

• Prefrontal cortex
• Parietal lobe
• Corpus Callosum
• Left hemisphere - amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus

Question 52

Found increased activity (higher glucose metabolism) in the brain of NGRI pps in areas not previously linked to violence

Answer 52

• Cerebellum
• Occipital lobe
• Right hemisphere - amygdala, thalamus and hippocampus

Question 53

What conclusions did Raines draw about the amygdala, medial temporal and thalamus?

Answer 53

These structures all for the limbic system (emotion) Problems may result in inhibition for violent behaviour, fearlessness and failure to learn the negative effects of violence

Question 54

What did the cinguate, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and cerebellum show?

Answer 54

No difference

Question 55

Conclusions - Raines research showed differences in what?

Answer 55

The brains of murderers pleading NGRI

Question 56

Conclusions - Raines research does not suggest violence is what?

Answer 56

Biologically determined

Question 57

Raines research does not excuse what?

Answer 57

The behaviour of NGRI murderers