1EXAM- APUSH Flashcards
What are the Bill of Rights
When were they added to the constitution?
When was the constitution written
First 10 amendments
December 15 1791
September 17 1787
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Signed on July 4th, 1776
The Declaration of Independence
List 1-5 Ammendments
1-freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly, petition
2- right to bear arms
3- right to not have to quarter soldiers and seizures
4- freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
5- trial by jury and due process of law freedom from self-incriminations and double jeopardy
List ammendments 6-15
6- speedy trial, right to be informed of charges, to be present when witnesses speak, to call defense witness, a lawyer
7- trial by jury in civil cases according to common law
8- cruel and unusual punishment, excessive bail
9- guarantee of rights not listed in constitution
10- rights of the states and people
11- prevents suits against states (out-of-states citizens)
12- choosing the president and Vice President
13- slavery abolished
14- citizenship for blacks
15- voting for black males
Who wrote the pledge of allegiance
Francis Bellamy
List all 7 continents
North America, South America, Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Europe, Australia (Asia is the biggest)
What are the 3 branches of government
Legislative, executive, judicial
Also known as the 7 years war
Fought between the British colonies (with aid from Iroquois) and New France (with aid from all other native Americans)
Fought over control of the Ohio valley
French and Indian war
Who was Johnathan Edwards
Theologian/revivalist preacher/philosopher during the great awakening
He was born 1703 and died 1758
Wrote sinners in the hands of an angry God
Who was Haym Salomen
1740-1785
Polish born American Jewish businessman who immigrated to NY during the American Revolution
Who was Frederick Douglass
1818-1895
Abolitionist/former slave
First black to hold U.S government rank
Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe
1811-1896
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Abolitionist/author of over 30 books
List the presidents from Washington to Johnson and their parties
Washington- federalist (non partisan) Adams (federalist) Jefferson (demo-repub) Madison (demo-repub) Monroe (demo-repub) Quincy Adams (demo-repub) Jackson (democratic) Buren (democratic) Harrison (Whig) Tyler (Whig) Polk (democratic) Taylor (Whig) Fillmore (Whig) Pierce (democratic) Buchanan (democratic) Lincoln (republican) Johnson (democratic)
In colonial America, what were the NE, Middle, and Southern Colonies
NE- Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire
Middle- New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Southern- North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia
Strong central government
Favored national bank
Constitution
Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
Supported by wealthy residents of the seaboard, men like Washington+Franklin
Controlled the press throughout the 1790s
Federalists
What were some advantages of the Union during the civil war?
Population (22,300,000)
# of states (24)
Industry (110,000 factories made textiles, ammunition, etc [80% of the industry of the nation])
Railroad miles (21,973 miles)
Food (hardtack, dried/salted pork, cornmeal, coffee, etc.)
Financial resources (revenue from export, effective banks, income tax)
Political leaders (Lincoln and Douglass)
Navy (700 ships, blockade)
What were some of the advantages of the confederacy during the civil war
Military leaders (Robert E Lee, Stonewall Jackson, J.E.B. Stuart, military colleges) Calvary (riding horses was common, West Point graduates) Home territory (familiar surroundings, knew the land [battles fought in south mostly/defensive war]) Supply lines (shorter/less railroads) Cause (wanted to secede and preserve slavery- they also fought for states' rights) Foreign aid/intervention- inspired by want of foreign aid, motivated because British built ships
Anti Federalists- What government did they favor? Leaders? Supported by? Feel about the constitution?
Favored a weak central government and stronger state govt
Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry lee
Backcountry farmers and the poorest classes
Felt the constitution was anti-democratic and favored the wealthy
Democratic-republican What kind of govt did they favor Who started this party Views of constitution Other desires
Weak central govt
Thomas Jefferson in the 1790s
Strict interpretation of the constitution (unlike Federalists)
Favored the agricultural aspect of economy and disproved of special rights for upper classes
Wanted voting rights for all white educated males
The Democratic Party
Leader?
Where did they grow out of?
Favored what kind of government
Andrew Jackson
Jefferson’s demo-repub
Strong state govt and weak central govt
Pro-bank, pro-tariff, and pro-internal improvements
Formed in opposition to the Jacksonian Federalists
First members include Henry clay, John C Calhoun, and Webster
Agreed on little but opposition to Jackson and his policies
Welcomed the market economy, drawing support from manufacturers, planers, merchants, and bankers
The Whig Party
The Republican Party
Where did it form and why
Where was it banned
In the Midwest (Wisconsin and Michigan) by members of all parties in opposition to slavery
Banned below the Mason-Dixon Line because of anti-slavery views
The Liberty Party was also known as what
What did it hope to do
Antislavery party (1840-1848) Hoped to eventually abolish slavery in the long run but immediately halt the expansion of it
Describe the free-soil party
Antislavery party (1848-1854) Opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories because it would limit opportunities for free-laborers
Describe the election of 1800
John Adams (federalist) and Thomas Jefferson (demo-repub) Jefferson is elected president and power transfers from the Federalists to the demo-repubs
Describe the election of 1824
John Q Adams vs William H Crawford (both republican)
Clay was eliminated, but as speaker of the house oversaw the group who would elect the president
Adams is elected, though many felt it was only because of Henry Clay’s behind the scenes work
Describe the election of 1860
Stephen A Douglas (democrat) vs Abraham Lincoln (republican) vs. John Bell (constitutional Union) vs. Breckenridge (democrat)
Lincoln is elected, leading to the beginning of abolition and the civil war
The Case of Marbury vs. Madison
Established the principle of “judicial review” (supreme court has final authority to determine constitutionality)
The case of McCulloh vs. Maryland
Strengthened federal authority
Upheld constitutionality of the US Bank by saying that MD did not have the power to tax the bank
The case of Gibbons vs Ogden
Suit over whether NY could grant monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters
Ruled congress alone could regulate interstate commerce
Case of Cherokee Nation vs Georgia
Cherokee nation approaches Supreme Court to challenge Georgia’s court declaration that the Cherokee tribal council was illegal and asserted their power over native rights and land
Ruled in favor of Cherokee but Jackson ignored the decision (IRA)
The case of commonwealth vs Hunt
Strengthened labor movement by upholding legality of unions
Case of dred Scott vs Stanford
Extended slavery protection by saying congress could not outlaw slavery
Declared slaves property, not citizens
Appalachians to the Mississippi was Midwest land acquired from _________
Natives
What was the Louisiana purchase
Acquisition of Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the US in size
15 million or .04 cents an acre
How did the US acquire Florida
Adams-Onis treaty (1819)
Spain gave the US Florida, the US gave up claims to Texas
Mexican Cession
Stretched the US across the continent, secured Texas, etc. at the end of the Mexican war
What was the Gadsden Purchase
Additional land from Mexico for $10 million
Intended to build southern trains-continental railroad
How did the US acquire Alaska
Purchased from Russia
What was the Peggy Eaton affair
It was a scandalous affair involving members of Jackson’s cabinet members and their wives
It began with Margaret O’Neale who, supposedly had an affair with John Eaton while her husband was away
Describe King Phillip’s War
Series of assaults by Metacom (King Phillip) on New England settlements
Slowed westward expansion for decades
Describe Bacon’s Rebellion
Uprising of VA backcountry farmers and indentured servants in response to Governor Berkeley’s refusal to protect them from Indian attacks
Describe Pontiac’s rebellion
Ottawa Chief’s attempt to drive British from Ohio
Crushed by troops who gave out blankets with smallpox
Describe the French and Indian war
9 year war between Britain and France in US
Expulsion of France from mainland and sparked 7 years war in Europe
Who were the Paxton boys
Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish to protect Quaker’s lenient Native American policies
Uprising in backcountry North Carolina against unfair taxation and control of affairs by seaboard elite
Regulators
US gains independence in what war
Revolutionary war 1775-1783
(Shay’s Rebellion/XYZ Affair) was an uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and end to foreclosure of farms
Inspired fears of “mob rule”
Shay’s rebellion
What was the XYZ affair
Diplomatic conflict between France and US when US messengers are asked to pay bribe to meet with French foreign minister
Undeclared war in the Caribbean
Who were the Barbary Pirates
Often plunder and blackmail merchant ships in Mediterranean
Describe the war of 1812
Fought between Britain and US over trade and impressment issues
Ended in draw, but US gains respect in Europe
What was the nullification crisis
Showdown between Andrew Jackson and SC legislature
SC null and voided 1832 tariff and threatened secession
Compromise reached by Henry clay in 1833
Series of clashes between US and Canada lumberjacks in northern Maine, resolved with boundary in 1842
Aroostook war
A war with Mexico 1846-1848 over territorial issues
Mexican-American war
Fought within US between the north and south over issues such as unionity and slavery
1861-1865
Civil war
The first battles of the revolutionary war were at _________________________, fought outside of Boston
Colonial militia stands their ground and the British retreat to Boston
Lexington and concord
George Washington surprised and captured sleeping Hessians, raising morale at Trenton
This sets the stage for the victory at Princeton
What battle?
Trenton-Princeton
Colonial victory in upstate NY
Helped secure French support for the revolution
What battle?
Saratoga
George Washington, with help from the French army, besieges Cornwallis at ______ while the French naval fleet blocks reinforcements
British surrender
Yorktown
War of 1812 battle
Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwata (The Prophet) at the hands of William Henry Harrison
Causes his brother, Tecumseh, to ally with the British against the US
Tippecanoe
The Battle of New Orleans
When was it
Who won
What did it do
January 1815
Victory of the US forces against the British
Restored US confidence and fueled nationalism; last battle of the War of 1812
Mexican-American war battle, beginning of Scott’s expedition
Veracruz
Scott captures ___________________ ending the Mexican-American War
Mexico City
What was the first major battle of the civil war
Who won
What did it end
First battle of bull run
South
Ended North’s view of a swift victory
Battle of Shiloh
April 1862; bloody civil war battle on Tennessee-Mississippi border
23,000 deaths and union victory
Describe the battle of Antietam
September 1862; important civil war battle
Ended in a draw, but gave Lincoln the “victory” he needed to issue to emancipation proclamation
Highest death total for one day battle
Close to 26,000 deaths
Lee’s first northern invasion
1863
2 month siege of Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee
Fell to Grant in July 1863, giving union control of the river
Vicksburg
Describe the battle of Gettysburg
July 1863
Battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory
Confederacy will never invade or defeat the North again
What was the Appomatox Courthouse
Site where Robert E Lee surrenders to Ulysses S Grant in April of 1865
What is the difference between the treaty of Paris of 1763 and that of 1783
1763- signed after Britain’s victory over France and Spain in the 7 years war
1783- ended revolutionary war. Britain formally recognizes US independence and ceded territory east of Mississippi. US promised to repay loyalist debts
The __________________ Treaty was negotiated by John Jay to avoid war with Britain. British promise to evacuate outposts on US soil, repay damages for seized vessels
US promise to follow trade laws and repay PreRevolutionary war debts
Jay
This treaty was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain
Gave US the Mississippi and Florida
Pinckney Treaty
Treaty of __________ was signed in 1815 and ended the war of 1812 in a draw. It restored borders but failed to address US grievances
Ghent
1817
Signed with Britain to establish strict limits on navy in the Great Lakes
First step in demilitarization of the Canadian border
Rush-Bagot Agreement
What was the Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain ceded Florida to US, US gave up claims in Texas (1819)
What treaty settled the Canadian border in 1842
Webster-Ashburton treaty
Treaty of Guadelupe
1848
Ended war with Mexico, Mexico gives land from Texas to Oregon in return for 18.25 million
The _____________________ of 1649 was passed in Maryland
It guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed death penalty for Jews and atheists (who denied Christ)
This attracted Catholics
Toleration Act
The _____________________ Acts were a series of laws passed (beginning in 1651) to regulate colonial shipping; these acts provided only English ships would trade, all colonial goods must pass through England
Navigation
The ____________________ of 1763 prevented settling west of the Appalachians due to Pontiac’s uprising. It contributed to the colonies’s resentment of Britain
Proclamation Act
What was the sugar act
1764
Tax on imported sugar
First tax on colonists by Britain, lowered due to protests
What was the stamp act
1765
Tax on paper goods that was repealed in 1766 due to colonial protest
Developed “no taxation without representation”
1766
Passed along with repeal of stamp act to reaffirm Parliament’s power over the colonies
Declaratory act
Townshend acts
Indirect taxes on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea to pay colonial Governors
Angered colonists
What were the intolerable/coercive acts
Retaliation to Boston tea party; closing Boston port, revoking Massachusetts colonial charter, expand ding quartering act
Not repealed until colonists pay Britain damage reparations
Colonists respond with first continental congress
The __________ Act was in 1744 and it allowed the French Quebec residents to retain traditional political and religious institutions, extended province to Ohio River
Colonists mistakenly thought it was a response to Tea Party
Quebec
The _________________ of 1789 organized the federal legal system, established the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and attorney general
Judiciary act
The ____________ of 1785 was the selling of land in the Old NW and earmarked proceeds towards paying nationals debt
Land ordinance
The _________________ of 1787 was a policy for administering the NW territories, including path to statehood and forbade slavery in the territories
Northwest ordinance
What were Hamilton’s financial acts
Alexander Hamilton, first secretary of the treasury, makes financial plans
What were the alien and sedition acts
1798-passed by federalist congress raising residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and granting president right to deport (alien)
1798- effort to clamp down Jeffersonian opposition; anyone convicted of defaming officials or policies were liable to prison and a fine (sedition)
What were the Virginia and Kentucky resolves
1798-1799, secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison, argued states could nullify legislation they deemed unconstitutional
Describe the Missouri Compromise of 1820
Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and preserved the balance between the north and south by prohibiting slavery in Maine, Louisiana purchase, north of 36,30
The 1828 ___________________________ placed unprecedentedly high duties on imports
Southerners opposed this, saying it hurt farmers, but were forced to pay higher price for manufacturers
Tariff of abominations
Nullified in SC, leading to the Nullification crisis
1832 tariff
What was passed to resolve the nullification crisis
Force bill 1833 compromise tariff
Taxes lowered gradually over 10 years (to 1816 levels)
Force bill allowed the president to use military to collect tariffs
The _____________ prohibited debate/action in Antislavery appeals; passed every year for 8 years until overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams
Gag Rule
Passed by several Northern US states to counter fugitive slave acts
Some allowed jury or forbid authority from cooperating in capture
Personal liberty laws
Describe the conditions of the compromise of 1850
Admitted Cali as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah territory to popular sovereignty, ended slave trade in DC and introduced harsher fugitive slave law
Opposed in both the north and south, did not settle slavery dispute
The ________________ Act in 1854 said slavery should be decided by popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, revoking Missouri Compromise
Introduced by Stephen Douglass in effort to bring Nebraska into Union to pave way for northern transcontinental railroad
Kansas-Nebraska
What was the Wade-Davis Bill
Passed by republicans in response to Lincoln’s 10% plan
Required 50% of a state’s voters pledge allegiance to the Union, set stronger safeguards for emancipation
Reflected divisions between the president and congress
Describe the time occurrence and the details of the great awakening
1730s and 1740s- a religious revival that swept the colonies
Minsters (Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield) emphasize on direct, emotive spirituality
The ______________ ___________ ____ ______________ was a plan proposed in Albany Congress in 1754 to unite the colonies
Included: a grand council and president-general
Albany Plan of Union
Who were the Sons of Liberty
A patriotic group during Revolution
Significant role on Stamp Act repeal and enforcing non importation agreements
_______________________ ____ __________________: Began in 1772. Local Committees in Massachusetts (later in all colonies) to maintain opposition to British policies through exchange of letters and pamphlets
Committees of Correspondence
__________ ______ _______________: 1765-assembly of delegates from 9 colonies in NYC to draft petition for repeal of stamp act
Eased sectional suspicions and promoted unity
Stamp act congress
What was the first continental congress?
What was the second continental congress?
1st- 1774 meeting of delegates from 12/13 (no Georgia) colonies in Philadelphia in response to Intolerable Acts. established Association, called for Boycott of British goods
2nd-1775-1781 body of delegates of all colonies. Drafted the declaration and managed colonial war effort
The ______________ was from 1814-1815 and was a federalist convention from 5 NE states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented southern and western strength in congress
Hartford Convention
1806 highway
First built entirely on federal funds, helpful to economy
National road
1825 NY canal that links Lake Erie to Hudson River
Lowered shipping cost, fueling economic boom and helping Northwest farming
Erie Canal
Describe the events of the second great awakening
Revival (in early 19th century) characterized by “camp meetings” and widespread conversion
Democratization of religions as they vie for members
“_______________”: Polk’s slogan that led him to victory; wanted expansion to northern Oregon border, the 54,40 line
54,40 or Fight
What was the Seneca Falls Convention
1848 (July)-first modern women’s rights convention
Declaration of sentiments and 11 resolutions
The ____________ were religious followers of Joseph Smith. They were a communal, oligarchic order in the 1830s
“Church of Jesus Christ” “Church of Latter Day Saints”
Eventually migrated west to Utah
Mormons
The ________ began in 1770 and named for lively dance worship
They emphasized simple, communal, living and celibacy
Brought from England by Mother Ann Lee
Shakers
1841-1846 transcendental commune founded by intellectuals; emphasized plain living and pursuing life of mine
Fell into debt and burned 1846
Brook Farm
What is popular sovereignty
During civil war era, allowed certain states to decide if they want to be slave or free
What was John Brown’s Raid
Raid on Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859 (Antislavery attack)
brown was captured and executed and this alarmed the south
_________________: 1858 declaration that since slavery could not exist without protection laws, territorial legislatures, not Supreme Court, would have the final say
Argued by Stephen Douglass in response to Lincoln’s “Freeport Question”
Freeport Doctrine
Attacked by South April 1861, beginning the civil war
Fort Sumter
______________ were northern democrats who obstructed war effort by attacking Lincoln, draft, and emancipation
Copperheads
What was the Alabama
1862-1864 British built and manned confederate warship; raided union shipping during civil war
_________: Union ironclad, successes bring an end to the use of wooden ships
_________: (above answer’s) Confederate counterpart
Monitor, Merrimack
Helped establish Jamestown, VA and was associated with POwhatan and his daughter, Pocahontas
Leader of VA colony 1607-1609, led exploration along rivers of Virginia and Chesapeake
John Smith
Early settler; husband of Pocahontas and father of tobacco
John Rolfe
Daughter of Powhatan and wife of John Rolfe
“Saved” John Smith to show her father’s desire for good relations
Pocahontas
Father of Pocahontas, Indian chief in VA who meets the first settlers
Powhatan
Second governor of the Plymouth colony
Developed private land ownership, helped the colony out of debt, survive droughts, crop failures and Indian attacks
William Bradford
Patuxet man who helped pilgrims in Massachusetts survive (taught them to plant, etc.)
Squanto
Wampanoag Chief, signed treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving
Massasoit
Metacom; made a pan Indian alliance and assaulted villages (“King Philip’s War”)
Attacked 52 Puritan towns before beheaded and displayed in Plymouth
King Philip
Well-born Englishman; joined army and became Quaker
Earned land from the King-Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woodland) to be asylum for his people, experiment with government ideas and make a profit
William Penn
Lord Baltimore; Catholic nobleman, granted land, named Maryland
Wanted to achieve wealth and create haven for Catholics
George Calvert
Wealthy Englishman who became the Bay Colony’s first governor
Believed he had a calling to lead a new religious experiment
“City Upon a Hill”
John Winthrop
Puritan minister in Boston, wrote 400+ religious works
Spread fear of witches, led to Salem witch trials
Cotton Mather
English military man; est. headquarters in Boston
Hated because of hostility towards Church and enforcement of Navigation Laws
Edmund Andros
Founded Georgia’s first settlement (Savannah in 1733)
GA’s first governor
James Oglethorpe
Ottawa chief that led several tribes in Great Lakes area in war against the British (Pontiac’s Rebellion)
Pontiac
King of England 1760-1820
Wanted to be active and involved in colonies, unlike those before him
George III
British leader 1757-1758, led and won war against Quebec
William Pitt
British politician sympathetic towards colonies
Opposed early feminist movements, thought women were animals
Edmund Burke
King George III’s prime minister, passed Sugar Act and Stamp Act
Believed in reducing financial burden in Britain by taxing colonists
George Grenville
Wrote “Virginia Resolves”
Famous orator who urged colonists to fight; “give me liberty or give me death”
Patrick Henry
3rd president; drafted the Declaration of Independence
Founded the Democratic-Republican party
Thomas Jefferson
1st president; leader of the continental army
George Washington
Colonial hero
Signed declarations, wrote “Poor Richard’s Almanac,” served as post-master of Philadelphia
Benjamin Franklin
Second president of the US, first Vice President
Supported the revolution
John Adams
Organized the committees of correspondence
Affiliated with Sons of Liberty
Samuel Adams
Led moderates at second continental congress; “Letters from a farmer”
John Dickinson
Wealthy Massachusetts merchant, first to sign Declaration
John Hancock
Royal governor of Massachusetts who left office after the Boston Tea Party
Personal letters spread by Sam Adams to anger colonists
Thomas Hutchinson
British General who tried to reach stockpiled weapons at Lexington and Concord
Thomas Gage
British General; captured Fort Ticonderoga but was stopped by Arnold near the Hudson
John Burgoyne
British soldier and commander in the South; defeated Gates at Camden but surrendered at Yorktown, ultimately ending war
Charles Cornwallis
British military commander, succeeded Thomas Gage
Left forces to Burgoyne, leading to their defeat
William Howe
American General, turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause
Benedict Arnold
US soldier who was captured and executed by the British army
Nathan Hale
Soldier that helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British
Ethan Allen
Wrote “Common Sense” and helped fuel the revolution
Thomas Paine
Believed all government is “created for the people, by the people,” and “all people have the right to life, liberty and property”
Enlightenment thinker whose ideas were in the declaration
John Locke
Led troops in Boston and NY, succeeded Horatio Gates and weakened British army so Cornwallis had to abandon plans
Nathaniel Greene
Served in British army during French and Indian war, then US during the revolution
Forced British surrender at Saratoga
Horatio Gates
Swamp fox; American guerrilla who led others to recapture SC
Francis Marion
Federalist; first treasurer of state who designed financial program that helped US out of debt.
Established national bank and excise/revenue taxes
Alexander Hamilton
Proposed the Virginia Plan in support of large states; helped write federalist papers, 4th president
James Madison
Only African American during this period to write an almanac
Benjamin Banneker
1st Chief Justice of the supreme court
John Jay
The 1st secretary of war
Henry Knox
“Citizen Genet”, Frenchman who moved to USA to make an alliance with France, but was deported
Edmond Genet
US painter known for portraits of people such as Paul Revere and John Hancock
John Singleton Copley
Inventor of the cotton gin (1793) and interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney
Supreme Court justice who made many decisions influential to the US
John Marshall
“The Chancellor”; administered presidential oath to George Washington
Robert Livingston
Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804-1806
William Clark and Merriwether Lewis
Shoshone guide and interpreter of Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-1806
Sacajawea
Installed steam engine and created first steam boat during transportation revolution
Robert Fulton
Explorer who led Pike expedition to explore Louisiana purchase
Zebulon Pike
Third Vice President under Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
Corrupt governor of Louisiana Territory, allied with Burr to separate Western US and expand through attacks
Acquitted by Madison and fled to Europe
James Wilkinson
“The Prophet’s” brother, Indian chief who allies with British in war of 1812
Tecumseh
Wrote “The Star Spangled Banner”
Francis Scott Key
Transcendentalists writers
Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
Walt Whitman was an American (war veteran/poet)
Poet
Who wrote the legend of sleep hallow
Washington Irving (American author)
The 9th president of the US, first to die in office (after only one month)
William Henry Harrison
Oliver Perry was an American (naval commander/international spy)
Naval commander
considered Father of American Industrial Revolution because he brought British textile technology rather legally to America
Samuel Slater
7th president of the US
Known for founding the Democratic Party and his support of individual liberty
Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson
Frees slave in SC; a mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charlestown SC in 1822.
One betrayed him and he and his 37 followers were hanged
Denmark Vesey
American inventor, clockmaker, entrepreneur, and engineer
Most famous for operating the first steam boat service in the US
John Fitch
Leader of the Whig party; opposed Jackson
ran against Martin Van Buren
Webster Hayne debate 1830
Daniel Webster
6th president, sought to modernize American economy, promote education, paid off national debt, and he negotiated the treaty of Ghent which ended the War of 1812
John Quincy Adams
Ran against Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams- hated both
He represents Kentucky in HOR and Senate-leading war hawk
Invented the American system, opposed annexation of Texas
Hated democrats
Henry Clay
_______: depends on population
_______: has 2 members per state
HOR, senate
American politician- best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good
He pointed the south towards secession from the union
John C Calhoun
8th president- democrat
Key in building organizational structure for Jacksonian democracy
His administration is largely characterized by the panic 1837 (financial crisis/profits prices wages down)
Martin Van Buren
American financier who served as the third and last president of the 2nd bank of the United States
Nicholas Biddle
NE teacher and author who spoke out against in humane treatment of the insane and prisoners
Studied and made reports of her findings in prisons
Sought to get this changed (she got people to separate the insane and prisoners because insane are not willingly acting on their crimes)
Dorothea Dix
African American slave who led a rebellion of slaves and free blacks in South Hampton County VA on Aug 21, 1831
Nat Turner
Abolitionist/published the liberator in Boston
Found the American anti-slavery society
Favored northern secession and renounced politics
William Lloyd Garrison
American politician and educational reformer
Whig devoted to promoting speedy modernization
On the HOR
Horace Mann
Republican against slavery in the territories
Military leader-first republican candidate for president (major party to run on a platform against slavery)
John Freemont
African American social reformer/abolitionist/orator/writer/statesman
When he escaped slavery he became a leader of the abolitionist movement
Known for dazzling oratory and incisive anti-slavery writings
Frederick Douglass
12 president
General in Mexican-American war
Whig
Sent by Polk to lead the army at the Rio Grande but was defeated
Zachary Taylor
11th president/democrat
Leader of Jacksonian which rivaled Henry clay and the Whig party
Last strong pre-civil war president
James K Polk
Novelist(Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852)
Book persuaded people to become anti slavery
Harriet Beecher Stowe
A US army general and a unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig party
He served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history
One of the best American commanders of his time (unionist)
Thought of the anaconda plan
Winfield Scott
15th president of the US
In between slavery and anti-slavery. His moderate views angered radicals in the North and South
James Buchanan
14th president
Northern democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a threat to the unity of the nation
Franklin Pierce
Created Nebraska-Kansas Act Ran for president against Lincoln Thought of manifest destiny Destroyed the compromise of 1850 (slavery controversy handled) and Missouri compromise of 1820 Indirectly created the Republican Party
Stephen Douglas
African American abolitionist, humanitarian and a union spy in the civil war
13 missions to resume 70 slave family and friends using the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman
President of the southern confederate states from 1860-1865
Struggled to form a solid government. Worked hard consolidating the southern govt and carrying out military operations
Jefferson Davis
16th president of the US
Lead US into civil war
Preserved the union/abolished slavery/strengthened the federal govt/ modernize the economy
Abraham Lincoln
Supporter of American Revolution, signed Declaration of Independence
Federalist
Only Supreme Court justice ever impeached
He did not like jeffersonians
Samuel Chase
US Secretary of State
He was an opponent of slavery
Dominant figure of the Republican Party in its former years
Defeated by Lincoln in presidential race
William Seward
Leader of radical republicans in congress
Devoted to stringent and punitive reconstruction effort
Worked toward southern blacks equality
Thaddeus Stevens
General for north
Commanded army of Potomac in 1861/wouldn’t remove troops
“Tardy George”-failure to move troops to Richmond
Lincoln fired him twice
George McClelan
American politician and senator
Worked to destroy the confederacy and free slaves
Charles Sumner
US general in union army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E Lee
Joseph Hooker
He was a general in 3 different armies
In the Confederate army he saw extensive combat
Considered by Davis to feel the finest general office before Lee
Albert Sidney Johnston
Union general who led destructive march through Georgia 1864
Practitioner of total war
Eradicated morale of the southerners, cut off supplies and burned land
William Tecumseh Sherman
One of the most celebrate 19th century American photographer
Portraits and documentation of the civil war
Father of photo journalism
Matthew Brady
General of the union
Was not very confident in his abilities; he was beaten in most battles
President Lincoln relieved him of command and transferred him to the western theater
General Ambrose Burnside
Union general-engineer involved in the construction of coastal lighthouses
Defeated General Robert e Lee at the battle of Gettysburg in 1863
George Meade
Confederate general
Defeated at Antietam-made Lincoln issue proclamation
Surrendered to general grant on April 9, 1865
Robert E Lee
(Little Phil)
Union general/career is most noted for his rapid rise to Major General
Associated with Ulysses S Grant
In the western theater
Phillip Sheridan
1st president after civil war
Previous union general
Defeated Lee at Appomattox Courthouse which ended the civil war
During presidency-involved in several scams
Panic of 1873
Ulysses S Grant
Confederate general and he was the best general after Robert E Lee
Stonewall Jackson
17th president
Democrat
Came to office as the civil war concluded (impeached because he did not care about former slaves and the congress was a lot of republicans)
Acquitted in the senate by 1 vote
Andrew Johnson
Who killed Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth
