1933-39 keeping control Flashcards
thesis on gestapo or propaganda in keeping control
-gestapo bred fear - cultivated atmosphere in which propaganda could indoctrinate minds of German pppl - rejection of nazi ideals in propaganda may have circulated
what role did the gestapo play in keeping control
constant reminder hitler’s perceived omniscience in hitler myth
one point to how gestapo kept control and CA
ever present force - above law + imprison w/o trial
CA - 30,000 officers at peak
HOWEVER - evidence limited as ppl’s denunciations made up for small numbers in crafting atmosphere of omnipresence
second point on gestapo
denunciations - 80% voluntary = strong commitment
CA - mot ppl inspired by personal factors
BUT - regardless aim - still cultivated terror state
what role did propaganda play in maintain control
successful in reinforcing over countering existing ideals
-1933 ministry propaganda - gradual control w/ familiar habitual news paper
CA - media ‘ spiritual weapon of totalitarian state 56/70 million listen- NOT ALL POPULATION
but mass suggestion etc
another point in role propoganda
reich culture chamber to ‘promote German culture for benefit of volk’
-sculpture 1934 decree all public statues convey nazi message
-replace cultural pluralism after upheaval 1920s w/ aryan
what were the limitations of ‘furrier power’
no one person could operate all gov - dependent on sympathetic subordinates to put policies into effect
evidence of hitler’s lack of inclination to co-ordinate government
1933 cabinet meets 77 times // rivalry between factions rose
but evidence of hitler’s overall decisive role in gov
-ran policy ‘divide and rule’
-took control on big decisions over foreign policy
-hitler preserves authority
SS increase from 1929 to 1933
250 –> 52,0000 AS HIMMLER LEADER
who carried out 1934 night of long knives
SS
what happened in 1939 w/ police organisations
amalgamated to RSHA vice deduct himmler
1 function of the SS
intelligence gathering by SD - security etc - responsibility grew w/ occupied lands
what happened in 1936
Kripo linked w/ gestapo
what was the role of the gestapo in SS
policing - arrest and detain w/o trial maintain fear
what was the Waffen SS
armed SS 35 divisions in war (grew from 3)
what happened to Waffen SS influence
influence grew rapidly in war - political weakening of German army - 1938 14,000 soldiers in 3 units
what’s the new order
nazi term - racial economic + political integration third reich
what was gestaopo and SD under
RSHA
what was the SS described as
‘a state within a state’
by 1944 how powerful was the German army
rivalled German army - waffen S 3-35 divisions
what did the SS become responsible for in economy
new order of occupied Eastern Europe over 150 firms by 1945 - slaver labour raw materials etc
what were the SS’s role in ideology and race
headed concentration camps and racial policy extermination
limitations of gestapo in numbers
40,000 agents - e..g only 40 in Frankfurt
limitations on gestapo in quality of workers
very few ‘top agents’ overly relied in kris
what did the SS State become
persevered nazi regime - gained greater sphere influence
evidence for propoganda in asserting control
reich radio company created by goebbels - dismissal 13% staff for new radio ppl
CA to propoganda and disprove
1932 <25% German households have radio
BUT by 1939 70% of ppl have hitler’s new ‘People reciever’
issues w/ newspapers
owned privately and only loyal to publisher
1 way in which hitler tackles newspaper
1933 Editors law - newspaper content censored by publishing house for propaganda ministry
downside of nazi censorship of newspapers
10% decline circulation 1939 as journalism bland
how did propaganda succeed
-cultivation hiler myth
-strengthen nazi regime after poltical crisis
BUT on other hand how did propaganda not succeed
-denounce churches
-seduce working classes away from established indeitity
communist party poll in 1932
17%
when was the mass arrest of communists by gestapo
1935
example of underground communist group - closed down when
red orchestra group in 1942
why did communists fail
leading activists 1936-39 fight in Spanish civil war
what did communists take ono policy of
preservation until soviet liberation
example of communist group tortured
white rose group - feb 1943 gestapo torture leaders Sophie school
how did contrastive elites self sabotage their own resistance
army allowed night of long knives - links itself to regime (tricked by nazi’s anti left and anti democratic policies then realise negatives)
example conservative opposition - names and how did it end
Ulrich von Kassel - ex ambassador in rome - plans to stage a coup BUT allied appeasement at Munich 1938 ruins plans
what was the kreisau circle
conservative anti nazi group of aristocrats and elites
what did kreisau circle do
20 July 1944 bomb plot - but hitler not killed
what happened after bomb plot
5000 supporters killed and Moltke - member of aristocracy
reasons for opposition to hitler in war years
stalingrad - military failures
why did conservative movement fail
only recognise need to suppress hitler after regime established
-even after ‘turn of tide’ 1942 - army generals did not work w/ resistance
evidence of resistance success
1939 T4 euthanasia policy against disabled ppl
–bishop Galen protests = removed
BUT went on in secret
evidence of church success
crucifix attempted ban in 1936 - Galen demonstrations = not banned
stat on communism against 17% electro art in 1932
half of party intervened in first year rule - (intern = imprisoned)
red orchestra success
infiltrated gov through aristocratic sympathiser Schulz boysen
BUT what happened to red orchestra
executed
example trade union resistance
Wilhelm lueschner travels country - 1935-36 strikes
failure trade unions
industrial action innefective +execution Wilhelm
what did the White Rose Movement do?
-leaflets - can’t be tracked back
evidence of success of informants
caretaker at uni reports White Rose Movement
Opposition was innefective
-T4 carried on in secret
-5,000 killed after stauffenburg bomb
-industrial action ineffective
opposition was effective
-bishop Galen Münster T4 banned
-1945 strikes
