19-Physics

Question 1

1. Mechanics of Particles

Answer 1

1. (a) Mechanics of Particles:Laws of motion; conservation of energy and momentum,applications to rotating frames, centripetal and Coriolisaccelerations; Motion under a central force; Conservation ofangular momentum, Kepler’s laws; Fields and potentials;Gravitational field and potential due to spherical bodies, Gaussand Poisson equations, gravitational self-energy; Two-bodyproblem; Reduced mass; Rutherford scattering; Centre of massand labmatmy reference frames.(b) Mechanics of Rigid Bodies:System of particles; Centre of mass, angular momentum,equations of motion; Conservation themems fm energy,momentum and angular momentum; Elastic and inelasticcollisions; Rigid Body; Degrees of freedom, Euler’s themem.angular velocity, angular momentum, moments of inertia,themems of parallel and perpendicular axes, equation of motionfor rotation; Molecular rotations (as rigid bodies); Di and triatomicmolecules; Precessional motion; top, gyroscope.(c) Mechanics of Continuous Media :Elasticity. Hooke’s law and elastic constant~ of isotropicsolids and their inter-relation; Streamline (Laminar) flow,viscosity, Poiseuille’s equation. Bernoulli’s equation. Stokes’law and applications.(d) Special Relativity:Michelson-Morely experiment and its implications;Lorentz transformations length contraction, time dilation,addition of relativistic velocities. aberration and Doppler effect.mass-energy relation, simple applications to a decay process.Four dimensional momentum vectm; Covariance of equationsof physics.PHYSICS 1

Question 2

2. Waves and Optics:

Answer 2

2. Waves and Optics:(a) Waves:Simple harmonic motion, damped oscillation, forcedoscillation and resonance; Beat~; Stationary waves in a string;Pulses and wave packets; Phase and group velocities;Reflection and refraction from Huygens’ principle.(b) Geometrial Optics :Laws of reflection and refraction from Fermat’s principle;Matrix method in paraxial optic-thin lens formula, nodal planes,system of two thin lenses, chromatic and spherical aberrations.(c) Interference :Interference of light -Young’s experiment, Newton’srings, interference by thin films, Michelson interferometer;Multiple beam interference and Fabry Perot interferometer.(d) Diffraction:Fraunhofer diffraction- single slit. double slit, diffrdctiongrating, resolving power; Diffraction by a circular aperture andthe Airy pattern; Fresnel diffraction: half-period zones andzone plates, circular aperture.(e) Polarisation and Modern Optics :Production and detection of linearly and circularlypolarized light; Double refraction, quarter wave plate; Opticalactivity; Principles of fibre optics, attenuation; Pulsedispersion in step index and parabolic index fibres; Materialdispersion, single mode fibers; Lasers-Einstein A and Bcoefficients. Ruby and He-Ne lasers. Characteristics of laserlight-spatial and temporal coherence; Focusing of laser beams.Three-level scheme for laser operation; Hologrdphy and simpleapplications.PHYSICS 2

Question 3

3. Electricity and Magnetism:

Answer 3

3. Electricity and Magnetism:(a) Electrostatics and Magnetostatics:Laplace and Poisson equations in electrostatics andtheir applications; Energy of a system of charges, multi poleexpansion of scalar potential; Method of images and itsapplications. Potential and field due to a dipole, force andtorque on a dipole in an external field; Dielectrics, polarisation.Solutions to boundary-value problems-conducting anddielectric spheres in a uniform electric field; Magnetic shelLuniformly magnetised sphere; Ferromagnetic materials,hysteresis, energy loss.(b) Current Electricity :Kirchhoffs laws and their applications. Biot-Savart law,Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law, Lenz’ law. Self-and mutualinductances;Mean and rms values in AC circuits; DC and ACcircuits with R, L and C components; Series and parallelresonance; Quality factor; Principle oftransformer.PHYSICS 3

Question 4

4. Electromagnetic Waves and Blackbody Radiation:

Answer 4

4. Electromagnetic Waves and Blackbody Radiation:Displacement current and Maxwell’s equations; Waveequations in vacuum, Poynting themem; Vector and scalarpotentials; Electromagnetic field tensor, covariance ofMaxwell’s equations; Wave equations in isotropic dielectrics,reflection and refraction at the boundary of two dieleLtrics;Fresnel’s relations; Total internal reflection; Normal andanomalous dispersion; Rayleigh scattering; Blackbodyradiation and Planck’s radiation law~ Stefan~Boltzmann law,Wien’s displacement law and Rayleigh~Jeans law.PHYSICS 4

Question 5

5. Thermal and Statistical Physics:

Answer 5

5. Thermal and Statistical Physics:(a) Thermodynamics:Laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversibleprocesses, entropy; IsothermaL adiabatic, isobaric, isochoricprocesses and entropy changes; Otto and Diesel engines,Gibbs’ phase rule and chemical potential; Van der Waalsequation of state of a real gas. critical constants; MaxwellBoltzmanndistribution of molecular velocities. transportphenomena. equipartition and virial theorems; Dulong-Petit.Einstein. and De bye’s themies of specific heat of solids;Maxwell relations and application; Clausius-Clapeyronequation. Adiabatic demagn etisation, Joule-Kelvin effect andliquefaction of gases.(b) Statistical Physics :Macm and micm states. statistical distributions.Maxwell-Boltzmann. Bose-Einstein and Fermi-DiracDistributions, applications to specific heat of gases andblackbody radiation; Concept of negative temperatures.PHYSICS 5

Question 6

1. Quantum Mechanics :

Answer 6

1. Quantum Mechanics :Wave-particle duality; Schroedinger equation andexpec-tation values; Uncertainty principle; Solutions of theone-dimensional Schroedinger equation fm free particle(Gaussian wave-packet), particle in a box, particle in a finitewelL linear harmonic oscillator; Reflection and transmissionby a step potential and by a rectangular barrier; Particle in athree dimensional box, density of states, free electron theoryof metals; Angular momentum; Hydrogen atom; Spin halfparticles, properties of Pauli spin matrices.PHYSICS 6

Question 7

2. Atomic and Molecular Physics:

Answer 7

2. Atomic and Molecular Physics:Stern-Gerlach experiment, electron spin, fine structureofhydrozen atom; L-S coupling, J-J coupling; Spectroscopicnotation of atomic states; Zeeman effect; Franck-Condonprinciple and applications; Elementary theory of rotational,v ibrdti onal and eleLtmnic spectra of diatomic molecules; Ramaneffect and molecular structure; Laser Raman spectroscopy;Importance of neutral hydrogen atom, molecular hydrogenand molecular hydrogen ion in astronomy. Fluorescence andPhosphorescence; Elementary theory and applications ofNMR and EPR; Elementary ideas about Lamb shift and itssignificance.PHYSICS 7

Question 8

3. Nuclear and Particle Physics:

Answer 8

3. Nuclear and Particle Physics:Basic nuclear properties-size. binding energy. angularmomentum. parity. magnetic moment; Semi-empirical massformula and applications. Mass parabolas; Ground state of adeuteron. magnetic moment and non-central forces; Mesontheory of nuclear forces; Salient features of nuclear forces;Shell model ofthe nucleus- success and limitations; Violationof parity in beta decay; Gamma decay and internal conversion;Elementary ideas about Mossbauer spectroscopy; Q-valueof nuclear reactions; Nuclear fission and fusion. energyproduction in stars. Nuclear reactors.Classification of elementary particles and theirinteractions; Conservation laws; Quark structure ofhadrons:Field quanta of electroweak and strong interactions;Elementary ideas about unification of forces; Physics ofneutrinos.PHYSICS 8

Question 9

4. Solid State Physics, Devices and Electronics :

Answer 9

4. Solid State Physics, Devices and Electronics :Crystalline and amorphous structure of matter; Differentcrystal systems, space groups; Methods of determination ofcrystal structure; X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmissionelectron microscopies; Band theory of solids-conductors,insulators and semi-conductors; Thermal properties of solids,specific heat, Debye theory; Magnetism: dia, para andferromagnetism; Elements of super-conductivity. Meissnereffect, Josephsonjunc1ions and applications; Elementary ideasabout high temperature super-conductivity.Intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductors- p-n-p and n-p-ntransistors; Amplifiers and oscillators. Op-amps; FET. JFETand MOSFET; Digital electronics-Boolean identities, DeMorgan’s laws. Logic gates and truth tables. Simple logiccircuits; Thermistors. solar cells; Fundamentals ofmicroprocessors and digital computers.PHYSICS 9