10-Geography

Question 1

PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHYPhysical Geography:1. Geomorphology :

Answer 1

Factors control1ing landformdevelopment; endogenetic and exogenetic forces;Origin and evolution of the earth’s crusts;Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditionsofthe earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift;Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountainbuilding; Volcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis;Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Land scapedevelopment; Denudation chronology; Channelmorphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development;Applied Geomorphology; Geomorphology, economicgeology and environment.GEOGRAPHY 1

Question 2

2. Climatology :

Answer 2

Temperature and pressure belts oftheworld; Heat budget of the earth; Atmosphericcirculation; Atmospheric stability and instability.Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jetstreams; Air masses and fronto; Temperate andtropical cyclones; Types and distribution ofprecipitation; Weather and C1imate; Koppen’sThomthwaite’s and Trewar Tha’s classitication ofworld c1imate; Hydrological cyc1e; Global c1imaticchange, and role and response of man in c1imaticchanges Applied c1imato1ogy and Urban c1imate.GEOGRAPHY 2

Question 3

3. Oceanography :

Answer 3

Bottom topography oftheAtlantic,Indian and Pacitic Oceans; Temperature and salinityof the oceans; Heat and salt budget~ . Ocean depos i t~;Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources; biotic,mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs coralbleaching; Sea-level changes; Law of the sea andmarine pollution.GEOGRAPHY 3

Question 4

4. Biogeography :

Answer 4

Genesis of soils; Classification anddistribution of soils; Soil protile; Soil erosion, Degradationand conservation; Factors intluencing worlddistribution of plants and animals; Problems ofdeforestation and conservation measures; Socialforestry, agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene poolcentres.GEOGRAPHY 4

Question 5

5. Environmental Geography :

Answer 5

Principle ecology;Human ecological adaptations; lnt1uence of man onecology and environment; Global and regionalecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem theirmanagement and conservation; Environmentaldegradation, management and conservation;Biodiversity and sustainable development;Environmental policy; Environmental hazards andremedial measures; Environmental education andlegislation.GEOGRAPHY 5

Question 6

Human Geography:1. Perspectives in Human Geography :

Answer 6

Arealdifferentiation; Regional synthesis; Dichotomy anddualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolutionand locational analysis; Radical, behavioural, humanand welfare approaches; Languages, religions andsecularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Humandevelopment indix.GEOGRAPHY 6

Question 7

2. Economic Geography :

Answer 7

World economicdevelopment: measurement and problems; Worldresources and their distribution; Energy crisis; thelimits to growth; World agriculture: typology ofagricultural regions; Agricultural inputs andproductivity; Food and nutritions problems; Foodsecurity; famine: causes, effects and remedies; Worldindustries: location patterns and problems; Patternsof world trade.GEOGRAPHY 7

Question 8

3. Population and Settlement Geography :

Answer 8

Growth anddistribution of world population; Demographicattributes; Causes and consequences of migration;Concepts of over-under-and optimum population;Population theories, world population problems andpo1icies, Socia] we11-being and qua1ity of 1ife;Population as social capitaLTypes and patterns of rura] settlements;Environmental issues in rura] settlements; Hierarchyof urban settlements; Urban morphology; Conceptof primate city and rank-size rule; Functionalc1assification of towns; Sphere of urban int1uence;Rural-urban fringe; Sate11ite towns; Problems andremedies of urbanization; Sustainable developmentof cities.GEOGRAPHY 8

Question 9

4. Regional Planning :

Answer 9

Concept of a region; Types ofregions and methods of regionalisation; Growthcentres and growth poles; Regional imbalances;Regional development strategies; Environmentalissues in regional planning; Planning for sustainabledevelopment.GEOGRAPHY 9

Question 10

5. Models, Theories and Laws in Hwnan Geography:

Answer 10

System analysis in Human geography; Malthusian,Marxian and demographic transition models; CentralPlace theories ofChristaller and Losch; Perroux andBoudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agriculturallocation; Weber ‘s model of industrial location;Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heart-land andRim land theories; Laws of international boundariesand frontiers.GEOGRAPHY10

Question 11

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA1. Physical Setting :

Answer 11

Space relationship oflndia withneighbouring countries; Structure and relief;Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographicregions; Mechanism oflndian monsoons and rainfallpatterns; Tropical cyclones and westerndisturbances; Floods and droughts; Climaticregions; Natural vegetation, Soil types and theirdistributions.GEOGRAPHY 11

Question 12

2. Resources :

Answer 12

Land, surface and ground water,energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources, Forestand wild life resources and their conservation;Energy crisis.GEOGRAPHY12

Question 13

3. Agriculture :

Answer 13

Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds,fertilizers, power; Institutional factors; land holdings,land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern,agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, cropcombination, land capability; Agro and socialforestry;Green revolution and its socio-economicand ecological implications; Significance of dryfarming; Livestock resources and white revolution;Aqua-culture; Sericulture, Agriculture and poultry;Agricultural regionalisation; Agro-climatic zones;Agro-ecological regions.GEOGRAPHY13

Question 14

4. Industry :

Answer 14

Evolu tion of industries; Locational factorsof cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium,fertiliser, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical,automobile, cottage and ago-based industries;Industrial houses and complexes including publicsector underkings; Industrial regionalisation; Newindustrial policy; Multinationals and liberalisation;Special Economic Zones; Tourism includingecotourism.GEOGRAPHY14

Question 15

5. Transport, Communication and Trade :

Answer 15

Road, railway,waterway, airway and pipeline net works and theircomplementary roles in regional development;Growing importance of port<> on national and foreigntrade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; E xportprocessing zones; Development<> in communicationand information technology and their impact<> oneconomy and society; Indian space programme.GEOGRAPHY15

Question 16

6. Cultural Setting :

Answer 16

Historical Perspective of IndianSociety; Racial lingu istic and ethnic diversities;religious minorities; Major tribes, tribal areas andtheir problems; Cultural regions; Growth, di~tributionand density of population; Demographic attributes:sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force,dependency ratio, longevity; migration (interregional,in teraregional and international) andassociated problems; Population problems andpolicies; Health indicators.GEOGRAPHY16

Question 17

7. Settlements :

Answer 17

Types, patterns and morphology ofrural settlements; Urban developments; Morphologyof Indian cities; Functional c1assitication of Indiancities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; Urbansprawl; Slums and asssociated problems; Townplanning; Problems of urbanisation and remedies.GEOGRAPHY 17

Question 18

8. RegionaiDevelopmentandPlanning:

Answer 18

Experience ofregional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integratedrural development programmes; Panchayati Raj anddecentralised planning; Command area development;Watershed management; Planning for backwardarea, deser t, drought-prone, hill tribal areadevelopment; Multi-level planning; Regionalplanning and development of island territories.GEOGRAPHY18

Question 19

9. Political Aspects :

Answer 19

Geographical basis of Indianfederalism; State reorganisation; Emergence of newstates; Regional consciousness and inter- stateissues; Intemational boundary of India and relatedissues; Cross-border terrorism; India’s role in worldatl’airs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Oceanrealm.GEOGRAPHY19

Question 20

10. Contemporary Issues :

Answer 20

Ecological issues:Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes,Tsunamis, tloods and droughts, epidemics; Issuesrelated to environmental pollution; Changes inpatterns of land use; Principles of environmentalimpact assessment and environmental management;Population explosion and food security;Environmental degradation; Deforestation,desertitication and soil erosion; Problems of agrarianand industrial unrest; Regional disparities ineconomic development; Concept of sustainablegrowth and development; Environmental awareness;Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.GEOGRAPHY 20

Question 21

NOTE : Candidates will he required to answer onecompulsory map question

Answer 21

pertinent to subjectscovered by this paper.GEOGRAPHY 21