16-Botany

Question 1

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology :

Answer 1

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology :Structure and reproduction/multiplication ofviruses,viroids, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma;Applications of microbiology in agticulture, industry,medicine and in control of soil and water pollution;Prion and Prion hypothesis.Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria,mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes; Modes ofinfection and dissemination; Molecular basis ofinfection and disease resistance/defence;Physiology of parasitism and control measures.Fungal toxins. Modelling and disease forecasting;Plant quarantine.BOTANY 1

Question 2

2. Cryptogams:

Answer 2

2. Cryptogams:Algae , fungi, lichens, bryophyLes, pleridophyLessLrucLureand reproduction from evol uLionaryviewpoint; Distribution of Cryptogams in India andtheir ecological and economic importance.BOTANY 2

Question 3

3. Phanerogams:

Answer 3

3. Phanerogams:Gymnosperms : Concept of Progymnosperms.Classification and distribution of gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction.General account ofCycadofilicales, Bennettitales andCordiaitailes; Geological time scale; Type of fossilsand their study techniques.Angiosperms : Systematics, anatomy, embryology,palynology and phylogency.Taxonomic hierarchy; Intemational Code of BotanicalNomenclature; Numerical taxomomy andchemotaxomomy; Evidence from anatomy,embryology and palynology.Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparativeaccount of various systems of classification ofangiosperms; Study of angiospermic familiesMangnoliaceae,Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae,Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae,Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae,Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae,Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae,Musaceae and Orchidaceae.Stomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth;Anatomy of c, and C4 plants; Xylem and phloemdifferentiation; Wood anatomy.Development of male and female gametophytes,pollination, fertilization; Endosperm-its development and function. Pattems of embryodevelopment; Polyembroyony, apomixes;Applications of palynology; Experimentalembryology including pollen storage and test-tubefertilization.4. Plant Resource Development:Domestication and introduction of plants; Origin ofcultivated plants, Vavilov’s centres of origin. Plantsas sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages,edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber,gums, resins and dyes; latex, cellulose, starch andiL<> products; Perfumery; Importance ofEthnobotanyin Indian context; Energy plantations; BotanicalGardens and Herbaria.5. Morphogenesis:Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation;Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatichybrids and Cybtids; Micropropagation; Somaclonalvariation and its applications; Pollen haploids,embryo rescue methods and their applications.BOTANY 3

Question 4

1. Cell Biology :

Answer 4

1. Cell Biology :Techniques of cell bioi ogy. Prokaryotic andeukaryolic cells-structural and ultrastructuraldetails; Structure and function of extracellular matrix(cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membranetransport and vesicular transport; Structure andfunction of cell organelles (chloroplasts,mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes,endosomes,lysosomes, peroxisomes; Cytoskelatonand microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear porecomplex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signallingand cell receptors; Signal transduction Mitosis andmeiosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical andstructural variations in chromosomes and theirsignificance; Chromatin organization and packagingof genome; Polytene chromosomes; Lchromosomes-structure, behaviour andsignificance.BOTANY 4

Question 5

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution:

Answer 5

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution:Development of genetics, and gene versus alleleconcepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics andmultiple factors; Incomplete dominance, polygenicinheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and crossingover of gene mapping including molecular maps (ideaof mapping, function); Sex chromosomes and sexlinkedinheritance; sex determination and molecularbasis of sex differentiation; Mutations (biochemicaland molecular basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance andcytoplasmic genes (including genetics of malesterility).Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids andproteins; Genetic code and regulation of geneexpression; Gene silencing; Multigene families;Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism andtheories.Role of RNA in origin and evolution.BOTANY 5

Question 6

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics:

Answer 6

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics:Methods of plant breeding-introduction, selectionand hybridization (pedigree, backcross, massselection, bulk method); Mutation, polyploidy, malesterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixes inplant breeding; DNA sequencing; Geneticengineering-methods of transfer of genes;Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects;Development and use of molecular markers in plantbreeding; Tools and techniques-probe, southemblouing, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH.Standard deviation andcoefficientofvatiation (CV).TesL-> of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-squaretesL-> ). Probability and distributions (nmmal, binomialand Poisson). Correlation and regression.BOTANY 6

Question 7

4. Physiology and Biochemistry:

Answer 7

4. Physiology and Biochemistry:Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport,mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis-photochemicalreactions, photophosphorylation and carbon fixationpathways; c,, C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanismof pholem transport, Respiration (anerobic andaerobic, including fermenLation)-electron transportchain and oxidative phosphorylation;PhoLorespiraLion; ChemiosmoLic theory and ATPsynthesis; Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation andnitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes; Energytransfer and energy conservation. Importance ofsecondary metabolites. PigmenL’\ as photoreceptors(plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Plantmovements; Photoperiodism and flowering,vemalization, senescence; Growth substances-theirchemical nature, role and applications in agrihorticulLure;growth indices, growth movements.Stress physiology (heal, water, salinity, metal); Fruitand seed physiology. Dormancy, storage andgermination of seed. Fruit ripening-its molecularbasis and manipulation.BOTANY 7

Question 8

5. Ecology and Plant Geography:

Answer 8

5. Ecology and Plant Geography:Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors. ConcepL<>and dynamics of community; Plant succession.Concepts of biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation;Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation);Plant indicators; Environment (Proteclion)Acl.Forest types of India-‘Ecological and ecomomicimportance of forests, afforestation, deforestalionand social forestry; Endangered plants, endemismIUCN categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity andits conservation; Protected Area Network;Convenlion of Biological Diversity, Farmers’ RighL<>;and Intellectual ProperLy Rights; Concept ofSustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles.Global warming and climatic change; Invasivespecies; En vi ron metal Impact Assessment;Phytogeographical regions of India.BOTANY 8