17. Ferilisation 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three disadvantages of sexual reproduction in mammals?

A

It requires 2 parents and 2 cells to form offspring Requires energy to find a mate therefore less efficent Requires complex functional, structural and behaviroual processes

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2
Q

What are three advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic strengths from both parents Beneficial mutations Remove harmful mutations

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3
Q

What are the two types of gametes and what do they do?

A

Sperm - code for males parental traits Ovum - coding for female parental traits

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4
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilised egg (sperm + ovum)

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5
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of sperm

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6
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur and how?

A

Occur in the seminiferous tubules of the testes Happens by meiosis of initial cells in the wall of tubules - produces millions of sperm daily

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7
Q

What are the five parts of the sperm cell pathway?

A

Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejactualory duct Urethra

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8
Q

What is semen made of?

A

Sperm cells along with secretions from the three accessory glands - -seminal vesicle - bulbourethral - prostate

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9
Q

What is the function of the seminal vessels for semen production? (2)

A

Secrete fructose - energy for sperm Prostaglandins - facilitates uterine contractions

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10
Q

What do prostate glands secrete and why?

A

A alkaline fluid (calcium, citric acid and enymes) to neutralise acidity of the vagina

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11
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethal glands for semen production

A

Produce mucous secretion to lubricated and facilitate internal reproduction (think of pre cum)

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12
Q

What is the secondary (hormonal) function of the testes (other than sexual reproduction)? Name the hormone, where its produced and three things its responsible for

A

Secretes androgen hormone - the male sex hormone Its produced by interstitial cells in the testes called leydig cells Responsible for: Rapid body growth Development of the reproductive tract Sperm formation Lean body mass Sex drive Growth of horns

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13
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release and what does it stimulate?

A

• Hypothalamus releases Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) this stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH) which both act on testes.

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14
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone stimulate?

A
  • FSH develops seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells) and stimulates spermatogenesis
  • LH causes interstitial cells (Leydig cells) to secrete testosterone
  • Inhibin – hormone that inhibits FSH secretion at Ant Pituitary
  • Testosterone: acts on hypothalamus and Ant pituitary to keep in normal range for reproduction
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15
Q

What does the female reproductive system produce and what does it do during pregnancy?

A

It produces oocytes (immature ova)

And it houses and nourishes embryo during pre-natal development (pregnancy)

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16
Q

What do oogonia do in the female reproductive system?

A

They form during embryonic development and develop into primary oocytes

17
Q

What occurs to the oocytes during ovulation?

A

Oocytes splits into secondary oocytes and a polar body Then it developed and seperates from the follicle to be encapsulated in a layer of glycoproteins

18
Q

How does ovulation actually occur with the oocytes?

A

The follicle secretes proteolytic enymes to break through the ovary wall and allows the secondary oocytes to escape

19
Q

What occurs to the remainder follicle after ovulation?

A

Its developes into the corpus lutem- an endocrine gland

20
Q

What is the structure of the uterus (womb)

A

It has a thick wall of smooth muscle and epithelial lining which crates the endometrium

21
Q

What is the difference between the mensturation and ostreus cycle in mammals?

A

The endometrium is released in the menstral cycle, its reabsorbed by the uterus in other mammals