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M15 B1 > 15.1 Fundamentals > Flashcards

15.1 Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of energy?

A

Energy is typically defined as something that gives us the capacity to perform work.

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2
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A
  • Potential
  • Kinetic
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3
Q

Define Potential Energy.

A

Potential energy is defined as being energy at rest, or energy that is stored.

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4
Q

List the three groups of Potential Energy.

A
  • Due to position
  • Due to distortion of an elastic body
  • Through chemical action
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5
Q

What is the formula for calculating Potential Energy?

A

PE = mgh

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6
Q

What does ‘m’ represent in the Potential Energy formula?

A

Mass (in kilograms)

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7
Q

What does ‘g’ represent in the Potential Energy formula?

A

Gravitational acceleration of the Earth (9.8 m/sec²)

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8
Q

What does ‘h’ represent in the Potential Energy formula?

A

Height above Earth’s surface (in metres)

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9
Q

Define Kinetic Energy.

A

Kinetic energy is defined as being energy in motion.

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10
Q

What is the formula for calculating Kinetic Energy?

A

KE = 1/2 mv²

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11
Q

What is Newton’s First Law of Motion?

A

A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.

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12
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion?

A

The acceleration produced in a mass by a force acting on it is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass.

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13
Q

What is the formula for Newton’s Second Law?

A

Force = Mass x Acceleration

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14
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

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15
Q

What is the Brayton Cycle?

A

The thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine engine that produces thrust, characterized as a variable-volume constant pressure cycle.

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16
Q

List the four stages of the Brayton Cycle.

A
  • Intake (suck)
  • Compression (squeeze)
  • Expansion (bang)
  • Exhaust (blow)
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17
Q

What happens during the intake stage of the Brayton Cycle?

A

Air enters at ambient pressure and leaves at increased pressure and decreased volume.

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18
Q

What occurs during the compression stage of the Brayton Cycle?

A

Air is compressed, resulting in a large increase in pressure and a decrease in volume.

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19
Q

Define isobaric change of state.

A

A process carried out where pressure (p) is constant.

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20
Q

Define isochoric change of state.

A

A process carried out where volume (v) is constant.

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21
Q

Define isothermal change of state.

A

A process carried out where temperature (t) is constant.

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22
Q

Define isentropic change of state.

A

A process carried out in an adiabatic system where neither heat addition nor heat rejection is possible.

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23
Q

Which changes of state are important for gas turbine engines?

A
  • Isobaric
  • Isentropic
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24
Q

What is represented by Point 0 in the pressure-volume diagram for a turbojet engine?

A

Atmospheric conditions - air with both atmospheric pressure and temperature.

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25
Q

What does the process from 0 to 2 in the PV diagram represent?

A

Isentropic compression of the air.

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26
Q

What happens during the process from 2 to 3 in the Brayton Cycle?

A

Isobaric heating occurs as heat is added to the air at constant pressure.

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27
Q

What does the line from 3 to 5 in the Brayton Cycle represent?

A

Isentropic expansion process where gases expand through the turbine.

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28
Q

What is the result of the exhaust process in the Brayton Cycle?

A

Conversion of expanding volume and decreasing pressure gases to a final high velocity, creating thrust.

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29
Q

What is force?

A

Force is the intensity of a thrust or the intensity of an input.

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30
Q

What is the unit for force in the English system?

A

Pounds (lbs)

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31
Q

What is the unit for force in the metric system?

A

Newtons (N)

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32
Q

How many newtons are equal to one pound of force?

A

4.448 newtons

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33
Q

What must be applied for work, power, or torque to exist?

34
Q

What is work?

A

Work is done when a force is moved through a distance in the direction of the force.

35
Q

What is the SI unit of work?

36
Q

What is work a measure of?

A

The energy transferred during the process

37
Q

What two factors are involved in calculating work?

A
  • Force
  • Movement through a distance
38
Q

What is the formula for calculating work?

39
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of doing work.

40
Q

What is the SI unit of power?

41
Q

What is horsepower?

A

An old unit of power replaced by Watts and kilowatts in the SI system.

42
Q

What defines motion?

A

A continuing change of position or place.

43
Q

What is uniform motion?

A

Motion where the distance moved remains the same for a given period of time.

44
Q

What is speed?

A

How fast an object is moving, or how far it travels in a specific time.

45
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

A

Speed does not include direction, while velocity describes both speed and direction.

46
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The rate of change of velocity.

47
Q

How is acceleration calculated?

48
Q

What is a vector?

A

A quantity represented by a line of specific length, having an arrow indicating direction.

49
Q

What is a resultant vector?

A

The remaining vector when two velocity vectors are added together.

50
Q

What happens to an object’s velocity if it increases from 20 mph to 30 mph?

A

The object has been accelerated.

51
Q

Fill in the blank: The SI unit of work is _______.

52
Q

True or False: Velocity is a scalar quantity.

53
Q

What is the main function of an aircraft engine?

A

To create the necessary movement of the aircraft

In addition, it supplies hydraulic power, electric power, and bleed air for the pneumatic system.

54
Q

What are the two different types of aircraft engines?

A
  • Piston type engines
  • Gas turbine engines
55
Q

What is a significant disadvantage of piston type engines compared to gas turbine engines?

A

Performance decreases at higher altitudes

56
Q

What are the four types of gas turbine engines used on aircraft?

A
  • Turbojet engines
  • Turbofan engines
  • Turboprop engines
  • Turboshaft engines
57
Q

What is a key characteristic of turbojet engines?

A

High aircraft speeds but very loud due to high exhaust gas velocities

58
Q

What major issue limits the use of pure turbojet engines?

A

Problems with noise and fuel consumption in the speed range of 0.8 Mach

59
Q

What is the basic operation of a turbojet engine?

A

A turbine-driven compressor draws in air, compresses it, mixes it with fuel in a combustion chamber, ignites it, and expels gases through a nozzle for thrust.

60
Q

List the advantages of turbojet engines.

A
  • Relatively simple design
  • Capable of very high speeds
  • Takes up little space
61
Q

List the disadvantages of turbojet engines.

A
  • High fuel consumption
  • Loud
  • Poor performance at slow speeds
  • Limited in range and endurance
62
Q

What makes turbofan engines an improvement over turbojet engines?

A

They enable high speeds with better engine efficiency and reduced noise.

63
Q

What percentage of thrust do turbofan engines produce from the large fan?

64
Q

What are the two arrangements of turbofan engines?

A
  • Twin spool arrangement
  • Three spool arrangement
65
Q

What are the advantages of turbofan engines?

A
  • Fuel efficient
  • Quieter than turbojets
  • Streamlined appearance
66
Q

What are the disadvantages of turbofan engines?

A
  • Heavier than turbojets
  • Larger frontal area than turbojets
  • Inefficient at very high altitudes
67
Q

What is the primary function of turboprop engines?

A

To produce shaft horsepower to drive a propeller.

68
Q

What is the typical operational speed range for turboprop engines to be most efficient?

A

Between 250 - 400 knots

69
Q

List the advantages of turboprop engines.

A
  • Very fuel efficient
  • Most efficient at mid-range speeds
  • Most efficient at mid-range altitudes of 18,000 - 30,000 feet
70
Q

What are the disadvantages of turboprop engines?

A
  • Limited forward airspeed
  • Gearing systems are heavy and can break down
71
Q

What is the main purpose of a turboshaft engine?

A

To produce shaft power to drive machinery instead of producing thrust.

72
Q

Where are turboshaft engines commonly used?

A
  • Helicopters
  • Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
73
Q

What is a key difference between turboshaft and turbojet engines?

A

Turboshaft engines have an additional power section with turbines and an output shaft.

74
Q

List the major components of a typical gas turbine engine.

A
  • Air inlet
  • Compressor section
  • Combustion section
  • Turbine section
  • Exhaust section
  • Accessory section
75
Q

What are the two sections of a gas turbine engine referred to?

A
  • Cold section
  • Hot section
76
Q

What is a major advantage of modular engine construction for manufacturers?

A

Fewer spare engines are needed in stock

77
Q

What is a benefit of modular construction for engine operators?

A

Modules can be replaced with minimum disturbance to other nearby engine parts

78
Q

What materials are commonly used in modern jet engines?

A
  • Aluminium alloy
  • Ceramic material
  • Composite material
  • Cobalt base alloy
  • Nickel base alloy
  • Corrosion resistant steel alloy
  • Titanium base alloy
79
Q

What material is mainly used for gearbox housings and fan stator casings?

A

Aluminium alloy

80
Q

What is the benefit of using ceramic coatings in jet engines?

A

Heat and corrosion protection

81
Q

What is the significance of nickel base alloys in jet engines?

A

They can withstand high centrifugal loads at high temperatures.

M15 B1 (22 decks)

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