1.2.7 Ethical guidelines and risk management

Question 1

What are ethics?

Answer 1

Morals and values that guide psychologists through research

Question 2

What are the 4 ethical principles?

Answer 2

Respect, competence, responsibility, and integrity

Question 3

What ethical guidelines link to respect?

Answer 3

Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, and right to withdraw

Question 4

What ethical guidelines link to responsibility?

Answer 4

Protection from harm and debreifing

Question 5

What ethical guideline links to integrity?

Answer 5

Deception

Question 6

How should you be competent when doing research?

Answer 6

Be aware of professional ethics and make ethical decisions

Question 7

What does informed consent mean?

Answer 7

Participants understand full nature of study, what they need to do and want to take part. Under 16s need guardian consent.

Question 8

What does confidentiality and anonymity mean?

Answer 8

All data is secure and only accessed by those with permission. If data is published, shouldn’t link to participant.

Question 9

What does right to withdraw mean?

Answer 9

Participants made aware that they can stop anytime, even if bribed. Data must be removed and destroyed.

Question 10

What is debriefing?

Answer 10

Explanation at end of study including nature and outcomes of the research. Ensure theres no distress. Make it clear to participant that they can withdraw.

Question 11

What is deception?

Answer 11

Withholding info from participants which should be avoided, unless necessary for study

Question 12

What is competence?

Answer 12

Researchers shouldn’t make judgements unless qualified. Responsible for telling participant about physical or psychological problems found, only if it’s dangerous not to.

Question 13

What does protection from harm mean?

Answer 13

Should be no physical or psychological harm to participants, and they shouldn’t feel bullied into participation due to money + authority. Risk of harm should be no greater than in everyday life.

Question 14

What are the 7 ethical guidelines?

Answer 14

Informed consent, confidentiality + anonymity, right to withdraw, debrief, competence, deception, and protection from harm.

Question 15

What is the difference between INFORMED consent, and consent?

Answer 15

Informed consent is where full aims of study are exposed to participant before taking part, and consent is where info is withheld until end of study, where debrief given.

Question 16

What are the 3 types of consent?

Answer 16

Presumptive, prior general, and retrospective

Question 17

What is presumptive consent?

Answer 17

Rather than asking participants, similar group asked if study is acceptable

Question 18

What is prior general consent?

Answer 18

Participants consent to partake in number of different studies, including one involving deception, They consent to be deceived.

Question 19

What is retrospective consent?

Answer 19

Participants asked for consent during debrief, after taking part in

Question 20

How do you deal with deception and protection from harm?

Answer 20

Give debrief where full aims + details exposed, tell participants what data will be used for and give right to withhold data, and reassure about behaviour + offer counselling

Question 21

How do you deal with confidentiality?

Answer 21

Use pseudo names

Question 22

What is a cost benefit analysis?

Answer 22

Whether costs of ethical issues outweighs benefits of research, or vice versa

Question 23

What is risk management?

Answer 23

Psychologists assess how likely risks will occur in study + whether they’re outweighed by benefits of research. If benefits outweigh risks, they will be reduced as much as possible. If not, study will end up

Question 24

What are the solutions for managing risks?

Answer 24

Avoidance (avoid risk), mitigation (reduce risk), transfer, and acceptance (accepting risk)