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Language Science > 12 - Visual Perception > Flashcards

12 - Visual Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What are letter features?

A

Lines

Curves

Etc.

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2
Q

What experiment did Riggs et al perform in 1953?

A

Developed special contact lens that projected images directly onto the retina

Image would be projected directly onto retina no matter where the eye was “looking”

Images would fade after a few seconds

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3
Q

What did Riggs et al want to learn (1953)?

A

How we processed the info coming directly at us

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4
Q

What did Riggs et al find in their 1953 experiement?

4

A

Letters and shapes would fade due to neural fatigue.

However they would fade in a organized pattern that made sense (shapes, letters, words)

Words would NEVER fade into nonwords

Letters would NEVER fade into non-letter/numbers

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5
Q

What did Hubel & Wiesel study in 1962?

A

How animals recorded neural activity in the visual cortex

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6
Q

What did Hubel & Wiesel learn from their 1962 experiment?

3

A

Some neurons are specialized for feature detection (Feature Detectors)

Feature Detector Neurons that respond to specific features. They only detect certain orientations ( / - | \ )

This is only seen when the object is in the center of our visual field

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7
Q

What award did Hubel & Wiesel receive in the 1980s?

A

Nobel Prize

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8
Q

Most letters have ___ basic features.

In English, the average has ___ letters.

A

5

5

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9
Q

Typical reading speed is about _____ words/minute.

That’s over ______ features a second.

A

250

100

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10
Q

Is reading a combination of top-down and bottom-up processing?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Top-down influences are obvious in _______.

Top-down processing helps us make sense out of ______ and ______.

A

Context effects

Ambigiuous info

Optical illusions

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12
Q

Does top-down processing influence our perception of words/letters - especially in contextual situations?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Can we interpret things better when “noise” is applied (ink blots, etc.)?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Will context help us interpret distorted or ambiguous bottom-up information?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Does top down processing allow us to read different handwritings, fonts, etc.?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is a connectionist model?

A

All the parts of a theory are interacting with each other instead of working individually

17
Q

What model of visual perception did MeClelland & Rumelhard create in 1981?

A

Interactive-Activation Model

18
Q

What is the Interactive-Activation Model?

A

It is a connectionist (PDP) model

Words are presented acorss different levels
(Whole words, letters, visual features)

These levels interact with one another

19
Q

What can the Interactive-Activation Model explain?

A

This modal can explain how we read ambiguous information

It cuts out the nonsense information and leaves us with real words

20
Q

What theory of reading did Coltheart et al create in 1989 & 1993?

A

Dual Route Model of Reading

21
Q

What is the Dual Route Model of Reading?

A

There are two routes to reading words

Direct Route

Indirect Route

22
Q

What is the direct route in Coltheart’s Dual Route Model of Reading?

A

Orthographic

Reading by eye

Whole word reading

23
Q

What is pathway of understanding for the direct route (in Coltheart’s Dual Route Model of Reading)?

A

Letter Units ->

Orthographic Lexicon (letters) ->

Semantics Lexicon (meaning) ->

Phonological Lexicon (sound)

24
Q

What is the indirect route in Coltheart’s Dual Route Model of Reading?

A

Phonological

“Reading by Ear”

Sounding out

Used for new words and non-words

25
Q

What is pathway of understanding for the indirect route (in Coltheart’s Dual Route Model of Reading)?

A

Letter Units ->

Spelling/Sound Conversion->

Speech Output

26
Q

What are Connectionist Models of Reading?

A

There are three different units being processed

All interact with each other

The same process is used for ALL words

Assumes that we always process phonology when we read

(For non words the orthographic and phonological units interact but there is no need for the semantic unit since there is no meaning to attach)

27
Q

What are the three different units being processed in Connectionist Models of Reading?

A

Orthographic (Letter) Units

Phonological Units

Semantic Units

28
Q

What is the Stroop Effect?

A

Participants are asked to name the color of the text NOT what the text says

29
Q

What does the Stroop Effect show us?

A

Shows that reading is so automatic that we can’t even stop it even if we try

Even when you become good at this you still have to slow down significantly

30
Q

How is the Stroop Effect performed with bilinguagals?

A

In bilinguagls, may ask for the color in English and have the color names written in their other language

31
Q

What is the Stroop Effect?

A

Participants are asked to name the color of the text NOT what the text says

32
Q

What does the Stroop Effect show us?

A

Shows that reading is so automatic that we can’t even stop it even if we try

Even when you become good at this you still have to slow down significantly

33
Q

How is the Stroop Effect performed with bilinguagals?

A

In bilinguagls, may ask for the color in English and have the color names written in their other language

34
Q

What did Reicher discover in 1969?

A

The Word Superiority Effect

35
Q

What is the Word Superiority Effect?

A

We recognize letters better when they are in a word. It is harder when the letter is viewed alone.

36
Q

What did Reicher want to learn?

A

How people perceived letters when presented in different contexts

37
Q

In what contexts did Reicher place the target letter?

A

Alone

In a Word

In a Non-Word

38
Q

How was the Word Superiority experiment performed?

A

Words were presented for 50 msec.

Participants asked for the last letter

39
Q

In the Word Superiority experiment, in what context did the participants perform best?

A

Participants performed best when the letter was in a real word. (The letter was easiest to recognize in context.)

Note: it can be hard to recognize letters when there is no context

Language Science (20 decks)

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